Literature

    The Arabic language is a Semitic language which has many variations that swerve broadly from one variety to another. In a sociolinguistic context, Arabic in its native environment commonly appears in a diglossic instance. The term diglossia may be referred to as the stable complementary distribution of a standard language and its dialects wherein the standard variation is being utilized for formal and written communication while the dialects are restricted to informal and formal usage.  Simultaneously, linguistics scholars define the term as an instance in which a certain language community utilizes two languages or dialects the first one being a regions modern day vernacular and the second variation being an ancestral version of the same vernacular derived from earlier centuries. Prior to scholar Charles Fergusons redefinition of the term, the term is being deemed as the socially differentiated compartmentalization of languages. Recounting the Fergusons definition, the said term deals with the relationships between form and function in Arabic, Haitian Creole, Swiss German, and Modern Greek (cited in Hole 2004 p. 341).  Based from the Fergusons definition, two linguistics varieties embedded within each language are named as High and Low. These variations are formally and functionally different from one another. In the case of the Arabic language, Ferguson has rendered a clear discussion of the stability of High and Low in Arabic.

    Arabic dialects diverge both from nation to nation and within the bounds of a single country. The spoken Arabic dialects are defined as the varieties of the language which are considered by the majority of the speakers to be their mother tongue before they start their formal education (Holes 2004). The spoken dialects come with distinctions because they geographically converge forming an intersecting continua from one region to another. The intersecting continuum has its distance disturbance which demonstrates that the greater the distance between any two focal points of comparison, the greater will be the instance of ordinary vernaculars spoken in them differing in nature and form.

     From the said conception, it has explicated that the varieties of Arabic spoken at the extreme peripheries of an area differ from each other considerably, and definitely to the point of mutual misunderstanding seen when comparing plain, uneducated vernaculars to those keen learners. In practice, it could be assumed that the in the modern world, a number of measures work to reduce the impact of disparities caused by geographical differences (Holes 2004).

Arabs often deem their own dialect as the purest and the closest form of the Classical Arabic. Contrasting this notion, it had been regarded that the no dialect can be affirmatively defended as pure except possibly the Najdi dialect which is spoken in central Arabia and considered as the most isolated from non-Arabic influences (Nydell 2006). The dialects spoken in the Najd region have striking features which reflect the region as an isolated area in which a purest form of Arabic language has been retained. Such features, often unknown by the public or unreported by some linguistics scholars, preserved some characteristics of the Arabic and traces of ancient dialects of the peninsula. The isolated character of the Najdi dialect is of paramount significance for synchronized, historical and comparative dialect. 

    It is in this notion that this paper aims to explicate more on the topic of the Najdi dialect. This paper renders vivid discussion of the contemporary Najdi dialect in the contexts of morphology, semantics and lexis. It aims to provide a clear manifestation of how English culture influence the Najdi dialect detailed through discussions of English travels, popular culture, and   media. Consequently, it aims to describe the linguistic phenomena in the dialect as reflected upon the regional and socio-linguistic argumentation directed on the mentioned dialect. Various examples and analysis of the type of variation is also given to expound more on the subject of dialect.

Literature Review
    The Najd located in Central Arabia has been deemed as inaccessible region ringed by a belt of sand deserts which are the Nafud, Dahana and the Rub al-Khali. The population in the region is often at odds with the inhabitants of the outer settled lands. However, despite such odd, Najd is the focal area in which purely Arabian culture grounded on a tight collaboration between Bedouin camel husbandry and palm cultivation thrives.

Due to isolation position of the said region, the Najdi dialect is often viewed as an interesting type exuding minute non-Arabic influence. It is in this conception that the reputation of the dialect indicates that the Arabian Bedouin are the preservers of the genuine Classical form. Considering that it is the purest form of ancestral Arabic language, it appears that the dialect is remarkable enough for its conservatism as it simultaneously retains both the classical passive. Also, relative to the isolation character, the Najd region is considered as the powerhouse of dialect that influences other dialects spoken along the region of Gulf Coast encompassing the Syrian Desert.

It can also be recounted that it is in the isolation characteristics of the region that a number of studies concerning the regions oral literature and the morphology and phonology of the dialect had rose. Such studies also explore the phenomenon on the Arabic language while making the modifications in the dialect as the focal point of comparison.

According to German scholar Karl Vollers, the onset of the modern Arabic dialects, suggests that such dialects are the descendant of a case-less variety (Owens 2006). Vollers proposes that the case-less varieties of Arabic appears and that these represent the ancestors of modern dialect. The German scholar argues that the coexistence of case and case-less forms of the Arabic language was studied as a stylistic difference in which there was an interpretation of high, literary case versus low, or the vernacular case-less (Owens 2006). In addition, he expounded on the secondary notion which was in the form of a dialectical one, east (Najdcase) versus west (Hijazcase-less). To support Vollers, some scholars assume at some degree in the prehistory of Arabic that a unique case-variety ancestor existed (Owen 2006). Notably, some shcolars have argued that traits in the modern Arabic dialects, particularly the pronominal forms and the pseudo-dual which retain old Afro-Asiatic forms which have a shortage of the Classical language (Owen 2006). 

The aspect of the emergence of the Neo-Arabic dialects which concerns the topic of the evolvement in the Najdi dialect had been studied by Fleischer who suggested that non-linguistic parameters can be applied to further his interpretations. According to Fleischer, urban Neo-Arabic dialect is further removed from Old Arabic and other Arabian dialects (Owens 2006).  From Fleischers conception, it can be viewed that the Old Arabic and Neo-Arabic dichotomy is to be explored as historical linguistic development which may entail greater or lesser degree of modification in Neo- Arabic.

With this concept, the changes or the evolvement in the Najdi language are to be studied in connection with the Najdi being an isolated region and with the circumstances may it be social, geographical, or linguistic in nature.  Fleischers work reflects his aim to incorporate modern dialects into the total scope of the Arabic language while exploring the works of other scholars on Najdi dialects.  According to Fleischer, the Arabic dialects maybe closer to Old Arabic than commonly thought and maybe hailed as the descendants of the Old Arabic.

Blau (1981) investigated some dialectical elements which he indicated as traces of a now defunct case system. According to him, three aspects could be considered under the dialectical elements which had been impacted by the rise of Modern Arabic and the existence of the classical Arabic. The first of these three is the suffix  an which is clearly manifested in a small set of forms in many Arabic dialects for example the asb-an (asbin in some dialects) in some phrases such as one that means  he must (despite his wish to the contrary), taqriyb-an almost(Owen 2007).

It is stated that the use of the an suffix appears to move backward to the adverbial usage of the accusative, but this notions are so lexically limited that no far-reaching conclusions can be extracted from them. This statement translates to the fact that some terms maybe borrowed from the standard language, and if they are relics coming from the Old Arabic, it is difficult to say that from the isolated examples they can be considered survivals of a case system (Owen 2007). 

Second aspect which Blau had explicated is the nominal suffix, again an or in which commonly appears in various Arab dialects. According to him, the nominal suffix is dialectically more evident than assumed, appearing in Spanish Arabic, throughout the Sudanic Arabic dialects, in Najdi Arabic, and in Tihama Arabic in Yemen (Owen 2007). Blau noted that the suffix is formally similar to the indefinite nominal suffix of the Classical Arabic which has variations according to case like -un, -an, -in, nominative accusative, genitive. This is why the nominal suffix an can be termed as linker. Three main rationalizations are given in accordance with Blaus study (owen 2007) that conjures with the term linker and they are
Sudanic Arabic
ba-jii-k          wakt-an      gariib
I-come-you    time-n         near
Ill come to you soon

Najdi Arabic
kalmit-in      rimy-at
word-n          thrown-F
a word thrown down
Afghanistan Arabic
  hintit-in     hamra
  wheat-n      red
red grains of wheat

In the examples, it can be viewed that the distribution of the suffix is in noun and adjective when it comes to the Najdi Arabic and the frequency of the occurrence of such suffix in the dialect is high because its basic characteristics are common to all dialectical appearance.

As the transformation in the Arabic language occurs to be a strategic way to reformat or restructure the language, the Najdi language has garnered more criticisms rooted out from such transformation. Existing grammatical and linguistic studies often connect Najdi dialect as a historically conservative form of Arabic spoken in Central Arabia. According to Kusterss (2003) analysis of the status of the inflectional morphology in Najdi Moroccan, Najdi Arabic is still approximately at par with Classical Arabic in terms of verb inflection (cited in McWhorter 2007 p. 192). Kursterss analysis also confirms Inghams (1992) study which says

Thus, Classical Arabic represents normal language transmission, a product of language mutation amid small, isolated groups, with the high degree of elaboration, almost counter-intuitive to an English speaker, typical of such languages. The sedentary Arabic resulted when Arabic was successfully acquired but structurally reduced by foreign learners across the new Islamic Empire, and hence their status as Mandarins compared to Classical Arabic. Bedouin Arabic has- developed and survived under conditions inhospitable to non-native acquisition, and hence their intermediate position between Classical and Sedentary Arabic. Pointedly, Bedouin varieties are most conservative in the Arabian heartland. (cited in McWhorter 2007 p.192)

    According to Kursterss research, Najdi has lost both dual and mood marking with the former having a considerable degree for the latter with light and conventionalized pre-verbal markers (cited in McWhorter 2007 p. 192). Kursters adds that Najdi, at same time, increases Classical quotient in conflating active and passive verb forms in instances where there are intransitive active imperfect first vowel changes from a to i which mirrors the passive form (McWhorter 2007). Kursters also examined the introduction of the new allomorph.

Moreover, new allomorph is introduced in that this change does not occur with transitive verbs and in some sub-dialects applies only to the first two persons. While some Classical Arabic allomorphs eliminated by the weakened distinction between i and u, Najdis object suffixes are subject to phonologically conditioned allomorph to an extent beyond their Classical Arabic sources, in this recalling, in type though not extent, the Aramaic and South Arabian situations kital he killed, ktiluh he killed him, ktalan he killed her. (cited in McWhorter 2007 p. 193)

    Also evident in Kursterss analysis is the gender marking in the second- and third-person plural. Kursters explains that where measures five through eight refers to various and only partially predictable shadings of passive, reciprocal, and reflexive meanings,  the Najdi dialect retains only two of the measures which are indicative of the valence with a single suffix t- of relatively lexical application (McWhorter 2007).

    In furthering the study on the dialect, articles published concerning the Dosiri dialect of Kuwait detailed some resemblance of the dialect in terms of structure and vocabulary.  The author of the article revealed some traces of Ajmi influence particularly in the phonology of the Dosiri dialect and concluded that though the Kuwaiti dialect does not share all the distinct features of the Najdi the parent dialect does falls under the south-central type of the Najdi dialect.

Scholar Bruce Ingham furthers the study on the comparison of the dialect to the Kuwaiti in 1994. It has been said that the 1994 study by Ingham gave three factors which are in line with the descriptions of the Gulf dialects as a group which is continually expanding due to various geographical factors and socio-linguistics aspects (Brustad 2000). First in the factors implied in Inghams study suggests that Kuwaiti dialect is Najdi in origin. This concept is grounded on the notion that the ruling elite society of Kuwait migrated from the Najd several decades ago.

The second factor is focused on the contribution of Inghams study in the aspect of syntax. Scholars said that Inghams research answers several gaps made by previous publications on grammars by providing information on the Najdi dialect which in turn beneficial to the study of the Kuwaiti dialect. Third, Inghams findings concerning various aspects of nominal and verbal syntax system have been an aid in formulating some of the published cross-dialect analyses (Brustad 2000). 
According to Ingham, Najdi exhibits a category which divides verbs into two classes namely Action and State or Motion verbs (cited in Brustad 2000 p. 167). In addition, the scholar reiterates that all types of verbs may exude multiple interpretations and inceptive and non-inceptive and he also goes on say that the valence of verbs makes their categorization difficult (cited in Brustad 2000 p. 167).
Johnstone et al. has also referenced significant studies that deal with phonetics and other aspects of the Najdi group set of dialects and there are main points which have been deemed as beneficial to the future studies of the Najdi. The main points of the significant studies are derived from Kupershoek (1995) and are listed below.

The close back vowel u has combined with the phoneme i in most of the Najdi dialects. In the case of the Duwasir in southern Najd, the u in many cases has been retained as a phonemic vowel.
Even though the phoneme i is often considered as a back vowel in the vicinity of the labials b, f, m and emphatic consonants, in most of these instances the transcription i has been unchanged. The high front vowel i is elided in the first open syllables

The vowel a has been changed to i in most non-final open syllables (except when 1) and is being preceded by the back fricatives such as x, g, h and followed by a back fricative or the letters l, r, n, w. In particular instances, m and y are considered to be the initial consonants of a long syllable of which the vowels are a, e, o. The reflexes of the diphthongs aw and ay in Classical Arabic are generally o and e.

It is a rule that the prosthetic vowel prior to the initial consonant clusters has not been provided in the transcription, except in cases where the vowel is preceded by the conjunction w-, in which it is transcribed as wi-.

     It has been generally accepted that the glottal stop hamzah has ceased to exist as a functional phoneme in the Najdi dialects.
The Classic Arabic consonants d and z are combined to form a single inter-dental emphatic d.
The velars g, which are a reflex of Classic Arabic and are pronounced as jim and k are commonly pronounced as dz and ts in the Najdi set of dialects.

Characteristics of the Najdi Dialects
    The distinctive phonological characteristics of the Najdi dialects can be found on the realization of Classical Arabic j, k, and q compared to other dialects spoken in the Gulf Coast and southern Iraq (Ingham 1986).  The j in the Najdi dialect is noted as a palatal plosive  j  while k and q have fallen in the realm of phonemic splitting which results to  k  and    ts and g  and  z  dz. It is distinguished that the    and  z  and  j  forms appear commonly in the fronting phases and are in contrast with the forms 
 ,  j  and  y  which commonly appears in the frontal phase in the other Najdi dialects.
    Ingham (1986) also provided a clear presentation that indicates correspondence of Classical Arabic, Najdi dialect, and Iraqi forms
                                     Classical Arabic                      Najdi dialect                Iraqi
Transitive                         naad                                         niad                      niad 
                                             yanid                                       yanid                    yinid to ask
Intransitive                       salim                                          silim                         
                                             yaslam                                       yaslam                                  to be safe
Causative                          arkab                                           arab                         _
                                               yurkib                                         yirib                  to cause to mount    
According to Ingham (1986), there are various vocabulary items which are suggestive of the Bedouin dialects of the Northern desert. It is then pointed out that the contrast exists more between the Arabian peninsula and Iraq than between Najd and other regions because the dialects spoken at the Gulf Coast area resemble Najdi dialects in the aspect of vocabulary. 
    Aside from the morphological and phonological differences, other features of the Najdi dialect which Inghan (1986) had not been able to determine and these are
-   Feminine plural demonstratives are seen in the terms hadalli or hadallin  these  f. and dall or dallin  those  f.
             -   There is an occurrence of phonemic overlapping between    and     and  M , and k . In this aspect,    and  k  under the Classical Arabic have been turned into    and   M  in a series of environments, specifically in areas where emphatic consonants are present. This certain kind of feature are proven to be most commonly appearing to several dialects of the Syrian desert and was regarded by scholars as in contrast with the southern region s dialects.  Relative to this feature is the appearance of  M  and    in which dialects in the southern region would have aw, ou, and ei in several forms. The overlapping of      and     with  k  and  M   was also tackled by some scholars in relation to the dialect of the Negev Bedouins.
Ingham (1986) has provided some examples of      and   M   in connection with the Classical Arabic or underlying     and  k  and these are the following
   yabk           he wants you    (yabi)    
   taxxna         you will put us under tribute (taxi)
   nxawkam    we will accompany you (nxawi)
   rxs                cheap

Ingham (1986) also obtained some insights from Johnstone who validates the conception that the most relevant and frequently appearing feature that marks the dialect as Najdi in a general sense is the absence of the trisyllabic patterns corresponding to the Classical and  in the verb and in the noun and their replacement by filat, filaw, and filk. Ingham (1986) was also quick to point out that the Najdi dialects can be generally divided into Northern and Central categories with the former being geographically focused on the two categories specified by the mentioned scholar. With such division, Ingham (1986) renders two set of features for the Najdi dialect which are illustrated with examples below

-Features of the Central Najdi Group
    a. Central Najdi dialects often display a negative construction in m bi- in contrast to the more widespread construction with m in the northern region. Examples of this feature are
l hu brkib  he will not be mounted
mk brumuh  it is not a lance
l  d bdllina  he can no longer guide us
m hum bhadrin zuwr  they are not settled cultivators
mhi-biyyh  it is not it
b. There is an appearance of the demonstrative forms da (m.s.) di (f.s.) apart from the commonly occurring hda hdi. The said forms exist as an independent pronoun or a prefixed or suffixed to a noun.
alhaya da j min aimal  that rain came from the north
wila da fln  and there was so and so
ygklha da  that man said it
lahag da  that man arrived  or  he followed that man
di jMm  that is a very old she-camel
sm da ljb  has an offer been made for that jeep
c. The object pronoun for this region is  ik which contrasts with  ak in the northern region and is also widely used in the areas located in the western and southern Arabia.
d. The suffix  a can be applied to verbs in negative sentences to signify  anything .
m gMma          there is nothing wrong with her
m yanna        we did not spot anything
m fha              there is nothing in it
Features of the Southern sub-group

The characteristics exuded by the Najdi dialect in this particular region are heterogeneous. Majority of the characteristics in this region are lexical or concerning commonly appearing syntactic particles. Ingham (1986) explains that there are very few phonological or morphological features of the sort an individual might discover as a characteristic of a major dialect group since the Najdi dialect in this region is structurally nearer to the dialect of the Central Najdi than to that of the South Arabian.
Apart from the features illustrated and enumerated by Ingham (1986), the scholar also recounted that the Najdi Arabic displays another particle that convey nuances of doubt and inference, tigil, which corresponds to imperfect taqklu  you  say  under the Classical Arabic. Examples given by Ingham (1986) are the following
tigil                  ayy-hum                                      ilm           nidir           tigil
IPF-you say      PART-having-come-them        knowledge   warning    you-say      
 It seems they received a warning
ayy-hum                         aayy
having come them         something
or something.

According to Ingham (1986), a speculative nuance is obtained by repeating tigil  you say . As seen in the given example, the sentence construction with ayy-hum as an active participle conveying inference is somewhat similar with the grammatical evidential categories commonly seen in the border area Arabic dialects which are in close contact with the Turkic languages. Ingham (1986) adds that in Najdi Arabic, an active participle of a verb that expresses the meaning of a state after an action has been completed.

From the illustrated examples concerning the Najdi which belongs to the spoken Gulf Arabic dialects, it can be derived that the particular dialect reflects some morphological, phonological, and nominal features of the Gulf Arabic dialects.

Included in the phonological features of the Gulf Arabic dialect according to Holes (2004) are no fixed stress in the subject of fixed stress locations, right-edge or ultimate or penultimate character in the subject of weight-sensitive stress, and long vowel in the subject of weight factors in weight-sensitive stress systems. Morphological features of the spoken dialects as explored by Holes (2004) in the Gulf region is the weakly suffixing in the subject of prefixing versus suffixing in inflectional morphology.

The nominal features of the spoken Gulf Arabic dialects, as what Holes (2004) observed, include two-gender system sex-based in the subject of sex-based and non-sex-based gender systems semantic and formal in the subject of systems of the assignment of gender mixed morphological plural in the subject of coding of nominal plurality definite affix in the subject of definite articles no indefinite but definite article in the subject of indefinite articles two-way contrasts in the subject of distance contrasts in demonstratives different stem in the subject of pronominal demonstratives identical in the subject of intensifiers and reflexive pronouns no case affixes in the subject of  position of case affixes differentiation in the subject and instrumentals first, two-th, three-th in the subject of ordinal numerals and possessive suffixes in the subject of position  of the pronominal possessive affixes.

Belonging to the group of Gulf Arabic dialects, the Najdi possesses a b-prefix that is inserted prior to the p-stem (prefix form) of the verb. However, such b-prefix differs significantly from various Arabic dialects. Based from the existing studies explored in this paper, the b-prefix present among the Gulf Arabic dialects, in particular, the Najdi, encodes future tense or even the definite combination of future tense. In modern linguistics studies, it is deemed that the Gulf Arabic dialects today are a form of generalized marker of the realist mood as opposed to the b-prefix being encoded as future tense. It is noted that the occurrence of rh, emerges as a vivid marker in various points of the dialectal area.

    The b-prefix in the Gulf Arabic dialects has held a dominant post in what has been previously recorded regarding the future tense in the dialects. It is stressed that the Gulf Arabic b-prefix is commonly presented as a marker of future tense. Ingham (1986) reports that, in relation to the b-prefix, both the full format of the verb baga or yabi , to want and its reduced form b-prefix are utilized to convey plain future, future of intent and the imminent future including the term being on the point of. 

According to Ingham (1986), the Najdi dialect is an aspect-focused system like the Classical Arabic. Though the scholar did not identify sporadic clues of a developing tense-based system within the focal structure he devalues any obvious tense markers that may occur in the dialect and believes that such markers sprout from the Arabic dialects direct and indirect influence.
It is then perceived that the temporal and modal system within the Gulf Arabic dialects presents themselves as a rudimentary system as the Arabic language is considered as a language with combined tense and aspect oppositions, connoting the distinction between imperfect and perfect in the Arabic vernacular to signify both aspect and relative tense. Ingham (1986) validates the mentioned concept by saying that the Arabic language is a language that conveys aspect and tense implications. Ingham (1986) furthers his conception by saying that the basic meaning of the b-prefix in the Najdi dialect is wish or intend.

    Concerning the onset of the urban Gulf Arabic dialects, it is noted that the dialects which had descended from the Bedouins in the seaports of southern Iraq and in the Gulf area are an interesting typological convergence between the reduction tendencies o the Levant cities and the conservatism of the inner regions of Saudi Arabia which mirror the socio-linguistic history of the speakers.
Consequently, this statement strengthens the idea that the emergence of the contemporary Najdi dialect maybe rooted out from geographical factors and the character exuded by the regions in Saudi Arabia, in particular, the concept of conservatism. But based from the literatures which are related to the peninsular dialects, the mentioned mood marking in the Bedouin dialects and specifically the dialects in the Arabian Peninsula have not yet fully evolved.

    Taking cues from the literatures and observations studied by this paper, it is generalized that many of the words and phrases in the modern Arabic language originated from loan words from various foreign languages, in particular, English and French. This outcome is due to the establishment of the vectors of transmission, a concept derived from decades of studies in the rich literature on linguistic diversity.

Linguistic diversity is directed on tracing the roots and relationships between languages and regional variations in dialect.  Holes (2004) explains that the loan words in the Arabic dialects are coined to convey concepts related life and aspects of discourse.

    In his famous thesis, The End of History, Francis Fukuyama states that there are numerous social and economic forces shaping the pattern of the worlds history and propelling every nation, in which the terminal point is the domination of western style democracy and economic liberalism. This is in direct contrast to the Soviet s view which, though it believes in the same natural progression in history, argues that the terminal point is not a democratic and capitalist society but rather a socialist and a classless society. However, as Fukuyama concludes in his famous thesis, the West has succeeded. Hence, it is very interesting to learn how Russians today view the western style of leadership and structure, which had been regarded as the archenemy of the former Soviet Union. In the past, Russian society in general perceived western democracy and economic liberalism as the epitome of evil. However, the wave had shifted after the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, with democracy and capitalism now perceived as the savior of a degrading society of the Russians.

    The dynamics today of Russia and the West can be compared to classic stories in various literatures, wherein a former antagonist (in the character of the West) becomes the greatest ally or friend of the protagonist (in the character of the Russians). After numerous decades of strife, conflict, arms race, technological race, side wars, and nuclear threats, the latter now view the West as the only cure to a growing cancer in the Russian society brought and made possible by the system that they worshiped before. Problems today of the Russian society include suppressed individual and press freedom, rampant organized crime syndicates, the rise of oligarchs, corruption in different sectors of society, and government. All of these problems are rooted in a former state oriented system in the Soviet society. With the rise of former communist countries like the Czech Republic that shifted to a western oriented structure of government, the pressure is building on former communist countries, especially Russia, to be able to catch up to decades of development that were lost.

    In this paper, we are going to examine three articles that tackle the observations and recommendations of three writers on how the modern Russia views the western democracy and its market system. From their writings, we are going to contextualize, analyze, and synthesize their views, observations and opinions to be able to arrive to our topic that will discover how the Russians today views the western style of government structure and economic system.

    From these three articles, it can be said that the Russians see the Western democracy and economic liberalism as the cure to the ills of their nation brought by the failure of the Soviet Union. However, for the Western democracy and economic liberalism to succeed in Russia, the Russian populace must undergo a gradual but revolutionary changes that will enable democracy and liberalism to prosper in this former communist state.

Summary and analysis Russia must become a Western Democracy
    In Lucian Kims article Russia must become a Western Democracy, it can be inferred here that Russia appears to be dependent on western democracy for its needs, particularly in the area of political development and reforms. Russia sees western democracy as the  cure  for the ills their nation is facing following the collapse of the Soviet Union (Kim).

    During the Soviet era of the Cold War, Russia viewed western democracy as an anathema to their ideology born from the spirit of the Russian Revolution that overthrew the Tsarist regime in 1917.  Upon its establishment in power, the early Soviet leaders, beginning with Lenin, worked to create a  dictatorship of the proletariat  by eliminating all vestiges of capitalism through nationalization of the economy and collectivization (Kim).  However, the direction of the socialist state took a different turn under Stalins regime as he turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian government where repression was the instrument to stamp down any attempts to change the system and  bring back capitalism  (Kim).  The problem here was following the death of Stalin, the Soviet regime had lost its sense of direction it no longer kept to the path Lenin had set in creating a true communist state which is a  classless society  (Kim). While the revolution removed the ruling elites of Russia, the leading member of the Communist party became the new elites.  Once ensconced in the Kremlin, they  inherited the trappings of power that surrounded the place and apparently forgot the ideals they had fought for.  Becoming new elites, they enjoyed the privileges that came with the power they wielded, while those who wanted to partake in this privilege must become a member of the Communist Party or have connections to be able to rise up the career ladder.

    The hostility of Soviet Union towards the West also led to a massive buildup of its armed forces supposed to deter  imperialist aggression  (Kim).  The result was most of its resources was devoted to increasing its arsenal from automatic weapons to intercontinental ballistic missiles to outmatch the west.  This build up had adverse consequences to its economy and further made life harder for its people as the socialist system enforced rationing of goods.  It is no wonder why a lot of people had defected to the West to escape the worsening conditions behind the iron curtain.
   
    When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, thanks in part to Mikhail Gorbachevs perestroika and glasnost, democracy rushed in like a tsunami which had somewhat engulfed most of Russia.  Everyone thought that democracy would quickly take root in Russia following the demise of the Soviet Union.  Looking back, it appears as though the Russians may have overthrown communism but appeared to not know how to make use of their new-found freedom, let alone make democracy work for them.  Several problems that emerged in the post-Soviet era would be graft and corruption, organized crime, and some of the remaining vestiges of Soviet totalitarian rule such as the abolition of direct election of governors during the presidency of Vladimir Putin who was a former head of the dreaded State Security Bureau, known as the KGB, later renamed FSB or Federal Security Service.

    It can be inferred here that democracy in Russia is something rather new to the Russian people. It appears that democracy is something they are not unaccustomed to after centuries of repressive autocratic rule by the Tsars followed by the equally repressive totalitarian regime of the Soviets.  Their apparent naivety of democratic principles created some chaos which allowed unsavory elements to come into the picture, mostly those from the old Soviet regime.  The fall of the Soviet regime also meant the loss of the privileges they enjoyed as members of the communist party.  As a result of this, those currently in government service resort to graft and corruption to maintain their lifestyle.  Former state-owned firms ended up in the hands of a new set of oligarchs who are politically connected.  What makes it a lot worse is that the government tends to interfere too much with the economy.  In a report presented by a think tank group headed by Russias president Dmitri Medvedev, the government should distance itself from the economy and not interfere and allow for free enterprise.  However, this does not mean they are totally hands off rather, they only intervene to act as an arbiter or mediator  for business disputes (Kim).  Furthermore, graft and corruption needs to be eliminated in order to restore the trust in the government, not only by the citizens but also foreign governments and businesses that wish to do business or invest in Russia.

    Others who were disenfranchised turned to organized crime, especially former KGB officers who used their training and skills to become leaders of these syndicates. There are still other vestiges of Soviet influence in some of the institutions in Russia.  The result of this is an unequal distribution of wealth, which is why most of Russia is still struggling financially. It is also for this reason why they could not join the European Union as it requires every prospective member to be economically stable so as not to be a burden to the Union and to allow for the Euro.  Similar to graft and corruption issues, this also needs to be addressed to make Russia relatively safe for foreign investors to do business in the country to help bring about economic development and growth.

    The enforcement agencies still follow Soviet-style tactics which have very little or no regard for human rights, and there is an apparent lack of due process that gives an accused the right to be heard to be proven of innocence. This leaves Russias human rights record a lot to be desired, and it makes other nations reluctant or hesitant to provide Russia further assistance so long as this issue is not addressed, especially when the West is considering making Russia a strategic partner in just about every aspect, from financial matters to transnational crimes and terrorism.  In military matters, Russias armed forces, particularly its army, are still conscript-based. According to analysts, the quality of Russias forces is not up to par or up to standard with that of the forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    The proposed solution of Medvedevs think tank group is the disbandment of the existing agencies and the creation of a new set of institutions with the assistance of western agencies like the American Federal Bureau of Investigation and Britains Scotland Yard to train Russias fresh crop of law enforcers not only on law enforcement tactics but also on human rights (Kim).  As for the military, there is a need to  retool  Russias military by converting it into an all-volunteer force, thereby professionalizing it and making it equally competent with the NATO forces to allow for proper interfacing which would eventually lead to Russias membership in the alliance.  This would enable Russia to get out of its old image and come off with a new one which would demonstrate that it can also be a friend to the world and it is no longer what it used to be during the Cold War.  Such a move would also shift the balance of power in the world. By joining NATO, Russia would virtually be considered a partner of the United States and would pit these two partner states against other states that would present a clear and present danger to world peace or perhaps compete with them to being a great power, notably China.

    Furthermore, the agency also suggests that Russia adopt a competitive two-party electoral system which would encourage pluralism.  The two major parties are to have a national base, yet despite this system, Russia would allow the existence of other  minor  political parties that could participate from local elections up to the federal assemblies.  Russia had been long accustomed to the one-party system of the Soviet Union. During that time, they only had one choice and lacked empowerment to choose the ideal leader who could introduce and implement alternative programs that would benefit the country.  They are hoping for a similar system of checks and balances as the Soviet-era government under the communist party tended to monopolize that power.  The think tank is hoping to follow the American model given the immense size of Russia and believe this system is appropriate for its size if it were to make democracy work.

    In conclusion, if one were to rely solely on the findings of President Medvedevs think tank group, Russia regards western democracy as the cure for its political, economic, and social ills. One reason for arriving at this conclusion is that from their experience under Tsarist autocracy and Soviet totalitarianism, it proved to be counterproductive for Russia as it failed to make the two systems work, especially the latter which brought  equality under poverty.   Despite the apparent imperfection and flaws of a democratic system, the Russians are trying their hand in making democracy work for them, although it showed that following the demise of the Soviet Union, they were rather awkward or nave on how to make use of their new-found freedom.

    It can be further inferred that the early stages will not be easy.  It would be a time of instability and  turbulence,  but they are confident that in time, once the needed institutions are reformed or are in place, Russia will be able to emerge strong by the middle of the 21st century.  They are confident that if the Americans have been able to make democracy work for over 200 years, they believe they can do it too and are confident they will be  getting there.   When that happens, they can confidently say Russia is no longer the  sick man of Europe  or even a menace to the world but a friend and a partner.
Summary and analysis Russias Phony Capitalism

    In his article Russias Phony Capitalism, Grigory Yavlinsky states that Russia faces a decision of whether it will become quasi-democratic oligarchy with criminal, corporatist characteristics or a normal, western-style democracy with market economy. In line with these, communism is no longer an option since this issue was already settled during the 1996 presidential election.

    Yavlinsky also emphasizes that Russia  should not be underestimated by other countries and that it will be an important country in the future due to the following reasons (1) Russias strategic location between east and west, (2) its natural resources, (3) possession of weapons of mass destruction, and (4) potential as a consumer market.

    The article also explains the difference between corporatist and western-style democracy (Yavlinsky). Corporatist, according to Yavlinsky, is (1) marked by high-level criminality but bearing the trappings of democracy (2) driven by oligarchs with goals of increasing personal wealths (3) characterized by suppressed freedom of press and other civil liberties (4) where laws are suspended or ignored, constitutions obeyed only when convenient and (5) where corruption is widespread. On the other hand, in western democracy, (1) markets are driven by consumer (2)  government economic policies are intended to serve nation, not the people with power (3) citizens can succeed through hard work (4)  freedom is respected such as rights to express opinions (5) constitutions and laws are respected by both government and citizens and (6) corruption is minimal and its spread is always checked (Yavlinsky).

    Although Russia already showed a move towards western-style democracy, the country also shifted to a criminal, corporatist-style capitalism. Yavlinsky highlights several success stories of Russia towards a normalized western market economy, such as (1) newly established and privatized corporations with international ambitions that are making their way to the top, (2) certain companies with successful international bonds, and (3) the move of Russia toward a market economy with lower inflation and stabilized currency.   

    However, there were also indications that Russia is moving towards a corporatist, in which corruption is abundant. Some economic aspects that suggest this include (1) the rise of oligarchs who created a type of  Robber-Baron  capitalism (2) consolidation of semi-criminal oligarchy and (3) the control of business tycoons over the seven largest banks in Russia that control almost half of Russias economy (Yavlinsky).

    The main point of Yavlinsky in this article is that Russia must move and adapt to a Western-style democracy because of its advantages, but in order to do this, the country must also eradicate its gradual shift towards a corporatist-style capitalism.
Western-style democracy as viewed by Grigory Yavlinsky

    It is clear Yavlinsky views western democracy as positive and it can greatly contribute to the economic growth of Russia. The move to Western-style democracy will benefit all Russian citizens since the rise of oligarchs, along with insider deals and political connection, inhibits the growth of an open economy. The advantages of western-style democracy, as discussed in the article, must not interfere with the current status of Russia wherein corruption, otherwise known as Robber-Baron type of capitalism, in the country is widespread.

    Yavlinsky emphasizes that there is less corruption in the Western-style, and unlike in Russia, Western businessmen do not often engage in a Robber-Baron type of mentality. This type of mentality can be further proven during the auction of the Svyazinvest telecommunication giants, where many Russian tycoons bid against each other rather than deciding and helping each other on who would get the company. Accordingly, Westerns have an established middle class and a government that are free or Robber-barons, and most western tycoons are investing in their own country. In contrast, Russian robber barons are stifling the countrys economic wealth to invest abroad and they have no emerging middle class. Also, the oligarchy is deeply involved with the government, to which they can alter some policies for their own personal benefit (Yavlinsky).

    As for the Russian economy, these issues have created many power-hungry, wealthy individuals as the rest of the countrys economic debts struggle on its own. Therefore, Western-style democracy should really be put in place since its advantages will greatly benefit the economic market of Russia.
The roots of Russias economic problem

     The economic problems of Russia have been in place since the collapse of the Soviet era. Since the economic transition in Russia began, half of the countrys economic growth has stagnated. In line with this, real incomes as well as the living standards have fallen in most regions of the country. The attempts of the government to curb the inflation only resulted in pension and wage arrears. The government was also not able to pay the bills for the services and goods that they consumed. These were all associated with the restructuring of the country since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (Yavlinsky).

    In an attempt to cope with such economic issue, the total payment for the goods and services consumed only has led to a disarray, wherein 75 percent of the goods and services are paid either in kind or promissory notes (Yavlinsky). Therefore, payments cannot be cashed out. In addition, tax receipts have also decreased to about 20 percent of Russias GDP, while external debt has surprisingly increased, and the domestic debt has reached more than 15 percent of the GDP (Yavlinsky). As stated by Yavlinsky, these debts have taken less than 25 percent of the total government expenditures as the Russian Robber-barons continue to increase their wealth.

    Russias economic problem is always associated with corruption, a problem which has already conspired since the 1970s and 1980s (Yavlinsky). The article has mentioned that Russia has been ranked by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development as one of the most corrupt major economies in the world. As Yavlinsky states, graft and corruption permeates Russia from small street crimes to the rigged bids in exchange for privatized companies. In a survey conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation, results reveal that many Russians believe that through contacts and corruption, economic problems can be minimized, while only 39 percent said that hard work is the key to success (Yavlinsky). It can be said that the Soviet era had also influenced many Russians tycoons to develop such kind of mentality, which could suppress the economic development and growth of the country.

    Yavlinsky adds that most of the countrys citizens do not think that a crime-ridden market cannot be effective and provide any progress to the economy. Despite the fact that there are several good news and success stories about the Russian economy, it is clear that the countrys market is still veered towards a criminal, corrupt, corporatist and oligarchic path. On the light side, the so-called Russian robber-barons cannot be blamed for who they are or what they had become. This is because the roots of the countrys economic problem had already dated back since the regime of the Soviet Union (Yavlinsky).

Russias move towards democracy
    Since the collapse of the Soviet era, Russia has never attained such independence. Citizens quickly gained accustoms to liberties, and as the years passed, Russia became a more normalized country as compared to their situation way back during the Soviet era. One highlight of the countrys democracy is the Russian election, which is now a part of the Russian way of living. However, though democracy has been applied, Yavlinsky states that Robber-barons might interfere with Russian politics in the future and attempt to turn the whole election into another oligarchic rule, a situation which many Russians had already experienced in the Soviet era.

    In sum, a Russian government with a western-style of democracy will be an advantage for the country to overcome its forthcoming problems. It will bring about economic growth and development. It is true that Russia has adopted a system that has democratic traits, as evidenced by the implementation of election and other examples of democracy, although they still have a long way to go. Compared to the West, this democracy can only be considered as minimal and can still be developed without the countrys imperfection such as the rise of oligarchy and robber-barons. However, if Russia and the West can work together, they can maintain and tackle serious issues such as global war on terrorism  to control over weapons of mass destruction and to govern business relations that will benefit the country as a whole. In contrast, a corporatist, oligarchic type of Russian government is much challenging and less stable as compared to the western-style democracy.
How to achieve a western-style democracy

    In the article, Yavlinsky states that Russia must work for its citizens and play a constructive role in world politics. For this to be achieved, Russia must develop a new set of rules, and one of the most important rules is that business must be separated from political power. Therefore, it is a good way to fight the further spread of corruption. The legacy of the Soviet era must also be emphasized, wherein administrative power is above the law, especially its destructive outcomes to the growth of the economy.

    A legislation should regulate individual businesses, not the government officials or local robber-barons. Also, Russia must also curtail the power of gas and oil tycoons since they are the ones who earn huge profits from Russias natural resources. Yavlinsky even claims that  Russia must reform the current economic management system because many large enterprises are operated by  insiders  who often disregard the owners rights. Such type of management is similar to the management style during the Soviet era. Therefore, the government must eliminate and replace this with a responsible type of management that will ensure and protect the owners rights. In addition, Russia should achieve a western-style of democracy in a gradual and systematic manner to benefit all of the citizens as well as for the growth and development of the economy.

Summary and analysis Russias Revolution
    According to Leon Arons Russias Revolution, democratization is the key means of Western countries such as the United States in fighting a global war on terrorism. United States is viewed as a democratic and free world, in which liberty is triumphant, and their war on terrorism is an ideological struggle between freedom and tyranny. The major theme of US foreign policy includes human rights crusade and victory of freedom against totalitarian tyranny.

    Aron contrasts the events that happened in the US with the events in Russia after the Soviet era. Accordingly, the events such as economy, business and politics, are associated with and paid for by the oligarchs and others who are considered as robber-barons. Aron explains that it is a wrong principle that is harmful to the growth and development of Russia. Therefore, Russia must address the situation by (1) establishing a new and unchallenged preponderance of the executive branch over the judiciary and legislature, (2) restoring the authority of Moscow to the former self-governing provinces, (3) re-developing the countrys economy, and (4) bringing the print media and television under state ownership or control (Aron).

    However, those who are still in favor of the perspectives of the former Soviet Union think that Russias integration into the Western-style of democracy is a move that is hard to achieve. In contrast to the Soviet Unions principles, Russias current goal is very pragmatic. The country aims to develop the greatest possible freedom of action that will benefit all its citizens, not only those who are in  position and power.  In addition, Aron emphasizes that entering into a Western-democracy does not necessarily mean that Russia will have to make  alliances,  but rather to work hand-in-hand with other nations to bring about the countrys growth and development.

    Arons article also discusses the relationship between Russia and the United States. Accordingly, an  alliance  started to unravel between Russia and the US since 2003. Following the tragedy of the September 11, 2001, the US became aware that another terrorist attack might happen anytime, and they were obviously looking for allies. The US foreign policy at that time was promoting liberty and democracy to ensure the security of their state. It was during that time when Russias president, Putin called to Bush for the permission of Russian airspace and NATO planes to fly all the way to Afghanistan, as well as the permission of Moscow to effectively accept US Base in the former Soviet Central Asia territory (Aron).

    In this regard, Aron states in his article that creating an alliance can also be needed to improve and make a gradual move to a Western-style democracy. However, it is not necessary since the main goal of Russia is to have a democracy that will benefit and focus on the country and its citizens. For some Russian tycoons and oligarchs heavily influenced by the Soviet legacy, pro-western regimes can be considered as anti-Russian (Aron).
   
    As a result, the difference in values and beliefs, as well as the impacts of the Soviet Union can make Russia lose its tie with other Western countries, particularly the US. For the US, Russia is a country that is crucial to the war on terrorism, the worlds energy security, and nuclear proliferation. On the other hand, Russia considers US as an ally. Due to such differences, Aron claims that US must show an  understanding  on how Russia changed its perspectives after the Soviet era. In addition, Russia hopes that the US will assist their country so that they could be integrated into the world economy (Aron).

    To conclude, esteem, equality and self-respect are the key to achieve a democratic Russia. From Leon Arons article, it is clearly obvious that the relationship between Russia and the US has shifted from a closely-related path to a more diverge one. The relationship might even continue  to change depending on how the two countries view their own goals and interests.

    The difficulty of the current Russian society today in adopting and mimicking the Western style of governance and economic system lies in the difference on the foundation of today s Russia compared to the West on almost all aspects of life and history. Russias orientation and culture on what the government should be and what the government should not be are the strongest factors that limit them in achieving the Western style of democracy. Viewing the individuals in office as possessing a mandate rather than viewing them as their representative is a very strong element on the non-democratic behaviors of Russian citizens. The elitist structure of the former communist rule is also the root of the elitist type of democracy and corporatist structure of Russian society today.
   
    With this players playing in the field, it will be difficult to impose an instant cure to the problems of Russian society, such as corruption and the impacts of the Soviet era. The problems are rooted in the last three generations of Russians which make it difficult to erase in a snap. A hasty approach will never be effective and possible because the entrenched problem is not the Russian constitution or laws but rather the mindset, orientation and culture of the Russians themselves.

    From here, it would be better if we start the reforms in Russia not with hasty structural reforms but rather with a change in approach in educating the Russian population. With an awareness and knowledge of what the Western is and how the Western system will help to save the Russian society, the shift will be easier and smoother. This approach is slow and gradual.  However, it is less painful due to our acknowledgement that revolution will not happen overnight. It will be a slow and gradual process that will shift the orientation of the Russians and will revolutionize their mindset to a framework that is more compatible to the western style of democracy and market economy. As these mindset and orientation sink in the heart and mind of every Russian, we can expect a more democratic and capitalist Russia in the future.

     Hall dedicates her book, The Well of Loneliness, to our third selves (Hall).  Referring to the third sex or inversion, the author believed that it is absolutely normal for ones gender role to be reversed (Souhami Zimmerman 275).  According to the theory of inversion, the entire person of an invert female is masculine.  Hence, it is only natural for such a female to be sexually attracted to other females.  Most sexologists have claimed that the cause of inversion is congenital (Zimmerman 275).  Hall believed in this claim (Souhami).  However, But, if nature seems to have played an essential role in creating inverts, there is reason to believe that nurture too plays an equally -- if not the most important -- role in the development of inverts.  After all, Stephen Mary Olivia Gertrude is a female, although her parents had imagined they would have a baby boy (Hall 6).  When the child is born, it is the Vicar who insists on adding Mary Olivia to her given name, that is, Stephen, which is a male name (Hall 7).  Clearly, Stephens parents appear all set to socialize their daughter as a male.  In fact, Stephens mother believes that her daughter reminds her of her husband (Hall 10).  With these attitudes and feelings, Stephens parents have made it only natural for their daughter to develop as an invert.  Indeed, Stephen is an invert and a homosexual for she has no reason to adopt an identity other than that of Stephens, that is, the identity of a male.

     According to Hall, The Well of Loneliness was written with three purposes in her mind To encourage inverts to face up to a hostile world in their true colors and this with dignity and courage to spur all classes of inverts to make good through hard work, faithful and loyal attachments and sober and useful living to bring normal men and women of good will to a fuller and more tolerant understanding of the inverted (Souhami).  So, even though doctors such as Clarence P. Oberndorf have maintained that homosexuality is a compulsive neurosis having nothing to do with biological deviations, Hall would like people to consider inversion as a normal condition (Rosario 69-70).  Hence, it is only natural for Stephen to have a crush on Collins (Hall 10-12).  Hall writes that Stephen began to be very inattentive at her lessons, sucking her pencil, staring out of the window, or what was far worse, not listening at all, except for Collins footsteps (Hall 12).  What is more, Stephen has a good heart, and would like to bear all of Collins pains (Hall 16).  She expresses to her father that she would like to become a male (Hall 19).  Her father, who makes Stephen feel as though she were a friend, even notices movements of Stephens body resembling the bodily movements of males (Hall 18-19).  However, Stephen is not reprimanded for making such movements (Hall 19).  Thus, the female invert has no reason to change her behavior to resemble females.   

     ORourke notes that Stephens father played the role of a mother for his daughter, and she had been socialized to develop an interest in male hobbies, such as riding (ORourke ix).  The father tells the mother that Stephen may never get married (ORourke ix).  As suggested before, the attitudes and feelings of parents toward their child must play a vital role in the development of inversion.  Moreover, for the reason that Stephens father played the role of a mother must have left no doubt in the young girls mind that it was normal to be an invert.  ORourke writes, Stephen Gordon is the perfect hero.  She is noble, accomplished, wealthy, self-sacrificing, honorable.  She has only one flaw  that she is a woman To be a heroine in life and fiction is something entirely different, something far from straightforward for Stephen Gordon (ORourke 1).  In other words, inversion comes naturally to Stephen.  Femininity, on the other hand, would take an effort on Stephens part to practice.  As Simone de Beauvoir states, One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman (Gammel 177).  Thus, femininity is a choice, also for those males who would like to practice homosexuality (Gammel 177).  Likewise, masculinity is a choice for Stephen.  She would say Do you think that I could be a man, supposing I thought very hard  or prayed, Father (Hall 19). 

     According to Sigmund Freud, all children are born bisexual, that is, essentially without gendered-object choice (Zimmerman 115).  He further stated that all people  are capable of making a homosexual object choice, and, indeed, most have at some point in their development, meaning that the distinction between normality and perversion is a matter of degree (Zimmerman 275).  For Freud, it is ones development in childhood that determines the degree of normality versus perversion as far as making homosexual choices is concerned (Zimmerman 275).  With this understanding, it must be reasserted that homosexuality and inversion are choices for Stephen, a female given the name of a male and largely socialized as a male.  As Stephen is satisfied with her choice, and femininity does not come naturally to her, it is unsurprising that The Well of Loneliness describes invert sexual pleasures in depth.  Armstrong writes

The Well is, in fact, deeply invested in articulating both invert identity and invert pleasures. It does so, however, in ways which rely on the novels particular and powerfully historicized articulations of human-animal relations. When such relations are read carefully alongside The Wells use of inversion theory, the novel opens up at several new levels, revealing radical articulations of identity and desire. Formulated through the conservative, gender-binary-driven collection of ideas called inversion theory, The Well mobilizes the weird logics of late-Victorian sexology to facilitate new narrative spaces for radical pleasures. The figure of the horse emerges as the pivotal agent for both the novels articulation of stable sexual identities and for its surprisingly radical multiplicity of erotic narrative strands.

     Two specific erotic strands run through the gloomy invert narrative of The Well, each of which is primarily articulated via the equine figure first, the horse enables the novels substantial autoerotic narrative, which concurrently establishes invert identity,  while creating a narrative of intense pleasure through the masturbatory joys of horse riding and second, The Wells engagement with inversion theorys interest in breeding and race splices the human-animal binary onto the mutually determined, hierarchized binaries of masculine-feminine and Anglo-Celtic. In particular, the Anglo-Celtic racial binary structures a human-animal romance plot where the Stephen-Raftery bond moves across both the novels project of articulating desire between women and inversion theorys concerns with race, breeding, and degeneration. These trajectories of masturbation and romanticized bestial relations reveal new textual erotics elusive pleasures -- caught in hierarchized yet radically eroticized identificatory systems -- enter the narrative system at the stable door.  (Armstrong 4-50)

     Stephen enjoys being an invert without having to dwell on Taylors description of her identity as pathological (Taylor).  After all, she has not only been socialized as a male but has also wished to be a male.  Stephen would be delighted to know that modern psychologists do not treat lesbianism as a disease (Zimmerman 276).  However, But, sexologists have not been able to find conclusive evidence that inversion is congenital either (Taylor).  Hence, for all intents and purposes, both inversion and homosexuality remain as choices for Stephen.  Even though the masculine and feminine are inverted in her mind, Stephen knows the value of invert pleasures, and has no intention to give up her identity as it is (Gammel 177).   

     Taylor writes that Stephen identifies with heterosexual males, and this is tied to the fact that her parents had wanted a male child and society tends to favor males.  Also,  according to the author
A first encounter with Stephen Gordon demonstrates how blatantly Hall directs the reader to construct the characters gender as masculine. From the most basic physical and textual cues, the characters masculine body and male name, to those which are only slightly more subtly deployed, such as her gentlemanly manners and deportment, virtually everything in the representation of Stephens gender invites the reader response Thats a man Time and again, attention is drawn to the fact that Stephen feels like a man, or certainly does not feel like a woman looks like a man, or certainly does not look like a woman wants to be a man, or certainly does not want to be a woman indeed,  would make a very good man, a far better man than a woman, in fact, to borrow a phrase from the critics, she would be the perfect gentleman  (Taylor).

     Stephen appears to have worked hard on herself to shape her identity as a mannish lesbian (Taylor).  She has sought the love of both her parents and society at large thus.  As her parents subconsciously went on wishing for her to be their male child, the girl incorporated masculinity to please them.  Perhaps Stephens mother was not really reminded of her husband as she considered her daughter.  It may have been a subconscious desire of her mother to see her daughter as a male.  Stephens father shared this desire, which is why the girl was given the name of a boy even before she was born (Hall 6-7). 

     Stephen must have subconsciously grasped this desire of her parents, which is the reason that why she developed as an invert  considering that childhood development shapes personality, according to the most eminent psychologists,  such as Freud.  There is plenty of evidence that socialization determines both femininity and masculinity.  Various religions and philosophies teach that males and females are exactly equal however, their physical differences in addition to societal teachings demand of them to perform different roles.  As an important example, around the world women are recognized as homemakers.  Traditionally,  they are considered responsible for cleaning up their houses, cooking for their husbands and children, and helping the latter with their school work.  They must ensure that their husbands and children have clothes that are washed.  Taking care of the elders in the house, such as the husbands parents, is another traditional duty of the female.  Husbands or males are typically considered the breadwinners for the family.  Although countless people have already spoken against inequality with regards to sex  the fact remains that women are considered the weaker sex.  The male is considered physically stronger, which is why he can work outside the home for long hours.  If a woman does the same, it may be that people would sexually harass or abuse her and she would not be able to defend herself.  Besides, it is the woman who gives birth to her babies.  She produces milk for them, too.  This is yet another reason that why she must be available for her children at home while her husband works away from home.  After all, she develops a stronger bond with her children.

     HoweverBut, in the African American culture, the woman is expected to perform duties that are traditionally assigned to the male, apart from her duties of the conventional woman (Hill).  This example clearly shows that gender roles are learned rather than fixed in nature.  Femininity,  or properties characteristic of the female sex,  are typically understood to be the following beauty, grace, talkativeness, mercy, forgiveness, patience, faithfulness and care for the family.  Although these defining qualities of the female sex may also define the male sex, it is the female that is typically expected to be more beautiful, graceful, talkative, merciful, forgiving, patient, faithful, and caring than the male.  Likewise, women may have strong, athletic bodies or great intelligence that might typically be expected of males.  Even so, the woman is usually defined with the above mentioned characteristics, that is, beauty, grace, etc. in books, films, and advertisements, whereas strong, athletic bodies and great intelligence are typically seen as male characteristics.  

     After all, Krafft-Ebings theory renders lesbian identity so as to make heterosexual women seem silly, evil or weak in The Well (Faderman, 1980, p. 320). When Hall constructs Stephens identity as manifesting truth, strength and loyalty to her self, she implicitly ratifies the relative inferiority and triviality of the women who accept the tradition patriarchal gender structure. This is exemplified by Stephen  being repelled by feminine traits and mannerisms, such as her childhood friend Violet, as follows Stephen found Violet intolerably silly  Violet was already full of feminine poses she loved dolls, but not as much as she pretended (Hall, 1991, p. 44). 

     Indeed, it is society that teaches women that they must guard their beauty, just as the remaining stereotypical characteristics of the female sex are expected of females.  Children Now, an organization that is concerned about learning imparted to children, has reported that 38 percent  of the females in the media  that the children are exposed to  happen to be scantily clad 23 percent  bare their cleavage or breasts 31 percent  expose their thighs another 31 percent  expose their midriffs or stomachs while 15 percent  bare their buttocks (Media Stereotyping).  Hence, the media seems to be teaching children that women must be considered as sex objects.

     Perhaps the inverts are rather advanced in their thinking as they do not adopt the belief that a male should not exhibit feminine characteristics and a female should not incorporate male characteristics.  In that case, ORourke is right to refer to Stephen as a hero.  It takes courage to be different.  Stephen had longed to be different (Hall 19).  Thus, her life must be considered successful.  Nevertheless, Halls book, The Well of Loneliness, gained negative attention when it was first published (Parkes).  Had Stephen been an invert but not a lesbian, this would not have happened.  As lesbianism goes against established religious norms, Halls book was quickly withdrawn from publication (Parkes). 

     Then again, Stephen would not change for this reason.  Indeed, she is comfortable with her identity of an invert.  Public censure would not alter this fact.  But Stephen would be willing to change her location,  as did Hall once her novel had been banned (Souhami).  Hall even lost her confidence as a writer following the ban (Souhami).  If Stephen had been branded corrupt,  as Hall once had been, when she had explained her identity to the public, like Hall,  she would be expected to lose her courage to explain herself to others (Souhami).  Even so, she would maintain her identity as she has never considered otherwise.              

Only Natural for Stephen Mary Olivia Gertrude to Be an Invert
     Hall dedicates her book, The Well of Loneliness, to our third selves (Hall).  Referring to the third sex or inversion, the author believed that it is absolutely normal for ones gender role to be reversed (Souhami Zimmerman 275).  According to the theory of inversion, the entire person of an invert female is masculine.  Hence, it is only natural for such a female to be sexually attracted to other females.  Most sexologists have claimed that the cause of inversion is congenital (Zimmerman 275).  Hall believed in this claim (Souhami).  However, if nature seems to have played an essential role in creating inverts, there is reason to believe that nurture too plays an equal -- if not the most important -- role in the development of inverts.  After all, Stephen Mary Olivia Gertrude is a female, although her parents had imagined they would have a baby boy (Hall 6).  When the child is born, it is the Vicar who insists on adding Mary Olivia to her given name, that is, Stephen, which is a male name (Hall 7).  Clearly, Stephens parents appear all set to socialize their daughter as a male.  In fact, Stephens mother believes that her daughter reminds her of her husband (Hall 10).  With these attitudes and feelings, Stephens parents have made it only natural for their daughter to develop as an invert.  Indeed, Stephen is an invert and a homosexual for she has no reason to adopt an identity other than that of Stephens, that is, the identity of a male.

     According to Hall, The Well of Loneliness was written with three purposes in her mind To encourage inverts to face up to a hostile world in their true colors and this with dignity and courage to spur all classes of inverts to make good through hard work, faithful and loyal attachments and sober and useful living to bring normal men and women of good will to a fuller and more tolerant understanding of the inverted (Souhami).  So, even though doctors such as Clarence P. Oberndorf have maintained that homosexuality is a compulsive neurosis having nothing to do with biological deviations, Hall would like people to consider inversion as a normal condition (Rosario 69-70).  Hence, it is only natural for Stephen to have a crush on Collins (Hall 10-12).  Hall writes that Stephen began to be very inattentive at her lessons, sucking her pencil, staring out of the window, or what was far worse, not listening at all, except for Collins footsteps (Hall 12).  What is more, Stephen has a good heart, and would like to bear all of Collins pains (Hall 16).  She expresses to her father that she would like to become a male (Hall 19).  Her father, who makes Stephen feel as though she were a friend, even notices movements of Stephens body resembling the bodily movements of males (Hall 18-19).  However, Stephen is not reprimanded for making such movements (Hall 19).  Thus, the female invert has no reason to change her behavior to resemble females.   

     ORourke notes that Stephens father played the role of a mother for his daughter, and she had been socialized to develop an interest in male hobbies, such as riding (ORourke ix).  The father tells the mother that Stephen may never get married (ORourke ix).  As suggested before, the attitudes and feelings of parents toward their child must play a vital role in the development of inversion.  Moreover, the reason that Stephens father played the role of a mother must have left no doubt in the young girls mind that it was normal to be an invert.  ORourke writes, Stephen Gordon is the perfect hero.  She is noble, accomplished, wealthy, self-sacrificing, honorable.  She has only one flaw  that she is a woman To be a heroine in life and fiction is something entirely different, something far from straightforward for Stephen Gordon (ORourke 1).  In other words, inversion comes naturally to Stephen.  Femininity, on the other hand, would take an effort on Stephens part to practice.  As Simone de Beauvoir states, One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman (Gammel 177).  Thus, femininity is a choice, also for those males who would like to practice homosexuality (Gammel 177).  Likewise, masculinity is a choice for Stephen.  She would say Do you think that I could be a man, supposing I thought very hard  or prayed, Father (Hall 19). 

     According to Sigmund Freud, all children are born bisexual, that is, essentially without gendered-object choice (Zimmerman 115).  He further stated that all people  are capable of making a homosexual object choice, and, indeed, most have at some point in their development, meaning that the distinction between normality and perversion is a matter of degree (Zimmerman 275).  For Freud, it is ones development in childhood that determines the degree of normality versus perversion as far as making homosexual choices is concerned (Zimmerman 275).  With this understanding, it must be reasserted that homosexuality and inversion are choices for Stephen, a female given the name of a male and largely socialized as a male.  As Stephen is satisfied with her choice, and femininity does not come naturally to her, it is unsurprising that The Well of Loneliness describes invert sexual pleasures in depth.  Armstrong writes

The Well is, in fact, deeply invested in articulating both invert identity and invert pleasures. It does so, however, in ways which rely on the novels particular and powerfully historicized articulations of human-animal relations. When such relations are read carefully alongside The Wells use of inversion theory, the novel opens up at several new levels, revealing radical articulations of identity and desire. Formulated through the conservative, gender-binary-driven collection of ideas called inversion theory, The Well mobilizes the weird logics of late-Victorian sexology to facilitate new narrative spaces for radical pleasures. The figure of the horse emerges as the pivotal agent for both the novels articulation of stable sexual identities and for its surprisingly radical multiplicity of erotic narrative strands.

     Two specific erotic strands run through the gloomy invert narrative of The Well, each of which is primarily articulated via the equine figure first, the horse enables the novels substantial autoerotic narrative, which concurrently establishes invert identity, while creating a narrative of intense pleasure through the masturbatory joys of horse riding and second, The Wells engagement with inversion theorys interest in breeding and race splices the human-animal binary onto the mutually determined, hierarchized binaries of masculine-feminine and Anglo-Celtic. In particular, the Anglo-Celtic racial binary structures a human-animal romance plot where the Stephen-Raftery bond moves across both the novels project of articulating desire between women and inversion theorys concerns with race, breeding, and degeneration. These trajectories of masturbation and romanticized bestial relations reveal new textual erotics elusive pleasures -- caught in hierarchized yet radically eroticized identificatory systems -- enter the narrative system at the stable door. (Armstrong 4-50)

     Stephen enjoys being an invert without having to dwell on Taylors description of her identity as pathological (Taylor).  After all, she has not only been socialized as a male but has also wished to be a male.  Stephen would be delighted to know that modern psychologists do not treat lesbianism as a disease (Zimmerman 276).  However, sexologists have not been able to find conclusive evidence that inversion is congenital either (Taylor).  Hence, for all intents and purposes, both inversion and homosexuality remain as choices for Stephen.  Even though the masculine and feminine are inverted in her mind, Stephen knows the value of invert pleasures, and has no intention to give up her identity as it is (Gammel 177).   

     Taylor writes that Stephen identifies with heterosexual males, and this is tied to the fact that her parents had wanted a male child and society tends to favor males.  Also, according to the author
A first encounter with Stephen Gordon demonstrates how blatantly Hall directs the reader to construct the characters gender as masculine. From the most basic physical and textual cues, the characters masculine body and male name, to those which are only slightly more subtly deployed, such as her gentlemanly manners and deportment, virtually everything in the representation of Stephens gender invites the reader response Thats a man Time and again, attention is drawn to the fact that Stephen feels like a man, or certainly does not feel like a woman looks like a man, or certainly does not look like a woman wants to be a man, or certainly does not want to be a woman indeed, would make a very good man, a far better man than a woman, in fact, to borrow a phrase from the critics, she would be the perfect gentleman  (Taylor).

     Stephen appears to have worked hard on herself to shape her identity as a mannish lesbian (Taylor).  She has sought the love of both her parents and society at large thus.  As her parents subconsciously went on wishing for her to be their male child, the girl incorporated masculinity to please them.  Perhaps Stephens mother was not really reminded of her husband as she considered her daughter.  It may have been a subconscious desire of her mother to see her daughter as a male.  Stephens father shared this desire, which is why the girl was given the name of a boy even before she was born (Hall 6-7). 

     Stephen must have subconsciously grasped this desire of her parents, which is the reason that she developed as an invert  considering that childhood development shapes personality, according to the most eminent psychologists, such as Freud. There is plenty of evidence that socialization determines both femininity and masculinity. Various religions and philosophies teach that males and females are exactly equal however, their physical differences in addition to societal teachings demand of them to perform different roles.  As an important example, around the world women are recognized as homemakers.  Traditionally, they are considered responsible for cleaning up their houses, cooking for their husbands and children, and helping the latter with their school work.  They must ensure that their husbands and children have clothes that are washed.  Taking care of the elders in the house, such as the husbands parents, is another traditional duty of the female.  Husbands or males are typically considered the breadwinners for the family.  Although countless people have already spoken against inequality with regards to sex  the fact remains that women are considered the weaker sex.  The male is considered physically stronger, which is why he can work outside the home for long hours.  If a woman does the same, it may be that people would sexually harass or abuse her and she would not be able to defend herself.  Besides, it is the woman who gives birth to her babies.  She produces milk for them, too. This is yet another reason that she must be available for her children at home while her husband works away from home.  After all, she develops a stronger bond with her children.

     However, in the African American culture, the woman is expected to perform duties that are traditionally assigned to the male, apart from her duties of the conventional woman (Hill).  This example clearly shows that gender roles are learned rather than fixed in nature.  Feminity, or properties characteristic of the female sex, are typically understood to be the following beauty, grace, talkativeness, mercy, forgiveness, patience, faithfulness and care for the family.  Although these defining qualities of the female sex may also define the male sex, it is the female that is typically expected to be more beautiful, graceful, talkative, merciful, forgiving, patient, faithful, and caring than the male.  Likewise, women may have strong, athletic bodies or great intelligence that might typically be expected of males.  Even so, the woman is usually defined with the abovementioned characteristics, that is, beauty, grace, etc. in books, films, and advertisements, whereas strong, athletic bodies and great intelligence are typically seen as male characteristics.  

     After all, Krafft-Ebings theory renders lesbian identity so as to make heterosexual women seem silly, evil or weak in The Well (Faderman, 1980, p. 320). When Hall constructs Stephens identity as manifesting truth, strength and loyalty to her self, she implicitly ratifies the relative inferiority and triviality of the women who accept the tradition patriarchal gender structure. This is exemplified by Stephen  being repelled by feminine traits and mannerisms, such as her childhood friend Violet, as follows Stephen found Violet intolerably silly  Violet was already full of feminine poses she loved dolls, but not as much as she pretended (Hall, 1991, p. 44). 

     Indeed, it is society that teaches women that they must guard their beauty, just as the remaining stereotypical characteristics of the female sex are expected of females.  Children Now, an organization that is concerned about learning imparted to children, has reported that 38 percent of the females in the media  that the children are exposed to  happen to be scantily clad 23 percent bare their cleavage or breasts 31 percent expose their thighs another 31 percent expose their midriffs or stomachs while 15 percent bare their buttocks (Media Stereotyping).  Hence, the media seems to be teaching children that women must be considered as sex objects.

     Perhaps the inverts are rather advanced in their thinking as they do not adopt the belief that a male should not exhibit feminine characteristics and a female should not incorporate male characteristics.  In that case, ORourke is right to refer to Stephen as a hero.  It takes courage to be different.  Stephen had longed to be different (Hall 19).  Thus, her life must be considered successful.  Nevertheless, Halls book, The Well of Loneliness, gained negative attention when it was first published (Parkes).  Had Stephen been an invert but not a lesbian, this would not have happened.  As lesbianism goes against established religious norms, Halls book was quickly withdrawn from publication (Parkes). 

     Then again, Stephen would not change for this reason.  Indeed, she is comfortable with her identity of an invert.  Public censure would not alter this fact.  But Stephen would be willing to change her location, as did Hall once her novel had been banned (Souhami).  Hall even lost her confidence as a writer following the ban (Souhami).  If Stephen had been branded corrupt, as Hall once had been, when she had explained her identity to the public, like Hall, she would be expected to lose her courage to explain herself to others (Souhami).  Even so, she would maintain her identity as she has never considered otherwise.

The aim of this report is to establish a suitable site location for a new milk processing plant for Brook House Milk Processors. Several factors abound on the selection of an appropriate location for a milk processing plant. In capturing the market niche, minimizing production cost, accessing raw materials, utilizing infrastructural systems in place, capital equipment facilities advantage, efficient cheap labor and the favorable climatic conditions are important in selecting an appropriate location in order to derive the maximum benefit from the foregoing factors to the company. This research is geared to harness the best location parameters to be considered in selecting the site for the new milk plant. The research is geared to determine if a milk plant located in the countryside will accrue the highest returns to Brook House Milk Processing Company. Further to these, the research will seek to establish if adequate resources are allocated in the area to facilitate an entrepreneurial spirit in order for the community around to benefit from the presence of the milk processing plant.


Nature and Scope of the study

The study is about the investigation of a location of a milk processing plant and it will be conducted in the country side and will cover a vast area in view of establishing the correct site to build the factory. The study will explore literature relevant to the site location of the processing plant examine the factors to be considered in selecting the location and the method of collecting data to be used in the research. The data collection will cover respondents in business premises, schools, residential homes, administration offices, other industries located in the area, farmers, and the general public at random. All respondents in each of the mentioned areas will be crucial in successfully carrying out the exercise to establish the appropriate site location for the milk processing factory. Australia has a high consumption of milk and its products. The various neighborhoods in Australia have become more structured through travel and movements with such tendencies changing from time to time. Such changing trends offer milk product developers and milk marketers in Australia a challenge to decide where to build a milk processing plant in order to take advantage of the emerging trends. The research will cover the country side in studying on these trends and establishing the market needs of milk and its products so that appropriate factors are taken on board to help in mitigating the extensive milk and milk products needs of society with minimal cost in respect to Brook house Milk Processing Company.


Objectives of the study
To determine if the location of a milk processing factory in the countryside is beneficial to Brook House Milk Processors.
To establish if the prevailing climatic conditions are favorable for a milk processing plant.
To find out if the cost of production in the countryside will be minimized due to availability of raw materials and cheap labour.
To ascertain the sustainability level of a huge business venture in the countryside owing to the factors on the ground.
Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
There is a significant benefit of constructing a milk processing plant in the countryside due to reduced cost of operation.
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant benefit of constructing a milk processing plant in the countryside due to reduced cost of operation.


BROOK HOUSE MILK PROCESSING COMPANY
Brook House Milk Processing Company is an Australian company with a 70 Australian and 30 Multinationals shareholding portfolio. The company has three fully fledged factories operating in Australia and in New Zealand supplying its products to the Australian Market, other European countries and overseas. The company is a major contributor to the regions economy. It has several milk collection points and cooling units and its current installed processing capacity is 950,000 litres of milk per day.  Besides milk production, the company is involved in the development and sustenance of the livestock sector through various partnerships with farmers, dairy cooperatives and other stake holders in the industry. Brook House Milk Processing Company has registered a continuous growth of all its subsidiaries by investing in upgrading of its processing capacity with the latest available technology in order to process more milk from the milk vendors and farmers and also to provide the consumers with a reliable supply of the companys products.
In continuing this streak of success that the company has had since inception, a fourth milk processing plant was found necessary to further consolidate its operations and  reduce cost of production due to long distances covered either to deliver milk to the existing factories or to deliver the companys products to its ever growing clientele. This research will be in handy to examine the factors in consideration of the location of the proposed factory and it will help put all circumstances surrounding the establishment of the factory in perspective so that the best decision is reached on the site location.

According to the Australia Dairy Industry Council Journal, (2008), the Australian dairy industry has long recognized that its long term growth and profitability is closely linked to its ability to be world competitive as well as develop and retain global export markets. Brook House Processing Plant in its long term strategy intends to increase its market share both locally and in foreign markets.  The Australian and the global dairy markets are registering a sustained period of demand growth due to the growth in both population and income hence resulting in a change in the dietary patterns of households and new opportunities for dairy products in satisfying this demand.

Due to the current production capacity of Brook House Milk Processors, it has been unable to cope with this unprecedented growth. The company faces a combination of expensive haulage of raw materials to its existing branches for the purpose of production and the different seasonal conditions that affect milk production. The increased input costs, expensive labour and infrastructural issues have had a long standing effect on the companys profitability.  These situations have presented the company with a unique set of challenges and opportunities at the same time. An appropriate action was found necessary to reduce the effects of the prevailing circumstances on the company and take advantage of a resourceful strategic new factory in order to improve the overall performance of the company and exploit the benefits accruing from the location of factory due to reduced cost of production

The farmers who provide milk to the company travel long distances to deliver the milk to the cooling units and transfer of this milk to the main processing plant has always posed a challenge to the company due to vehicle breakdowns and the dilapidated rural roads network. This has caused the company to invest more on heavy duty vehicles and sometimes organize pick up points near the farmers dairies to ensure continuous supply of milk.

New challenges of drought and climatic changes in some parts have had the prices of hay to go up hence affecting the prices of milk from farmers. This has been absorbed by the company without passing the burden to the consumer since there is already stiff competition in the dairy industry.

The increased demand has made it necessary for the company to increase its supply network in order to reach the market and ensure the demand is met with a continuous supply of milk and milk products made by the company so that the consumers build a preference for the products and offer continuous support. 

This research is motivated by the importance of evaluation of the companys growth strategy to ensure continuous market presence in the supply of milk and milk products in light of the prevailing market conditions that necessitates more production but at the minimal cost. Since the rural market demand is on the rise and most raw materials are readily available in the country side, a new factory in the country side will be the solution in reducing the operating costs of Brook House Milk Processing new plant and ensure maximum returns. The government incentives to industries operating in the rural areas will be an advantage that will benefit the creation of the milk processing plant in the country side. The operating costs arising from the poor infrastructural facilities will be eliminated as the factory will be located in an area with an efficient mechanism of accessibility to raw materials and inputs.

The availability of large and cheap tracts of land in the country side will offer room for future expansion and offer space for other activities that can be beneficial to the company at a low acquisition amount. Cheap labour in the countryside will be in handy to reduce the expenses on labour on the sections that are labour intensive. The current limiting capacity of the Brook house processing plant is another motivating factor that makes it necessary for the new plant to be located in an area that has expansion capabilities as well as offer advantage of space in order to increase the amount of products made to meet the growing demand.

The companys Corporate Social Responsibility in partnering with the local communities in sustainable projects like provision of clean water, enhancing security, lighting dark areas, community projects, and community infrastructural development aimed at improving the living standards of the people will better be achieved in the country side which has a great potential for growth.


According to the Australian Government National Land and water resources audit report (2007), the dairy industry is Australias fourth largest agricultural Industry. The other three are grains, beef and horticulture. The report further states that the Australian dairy industry has the assets and on-farm processing and marketing skills to produce more milk and sell more products than at any other time in its history which means that the dairy industry has improved markedly over the years. The proportion of dairy farms with native vegetation has fallen over the years although this varies from region to region. The fall in the proportion of the dairy industry land covered by native vegetation is due to the restructuring of the dairy industry and subsequent contraction or movement of the industry to more productive areas with less native vegetation. The industry is mostly located on productive soils however the intensive nature of dairy production results in substantial inputs in nitrogen and phosphorus. Irrigation induced salinity is considered a threat to the condition of the industrys soil assets in most dairy regions.

Presentation on Opportunities for Investment in the Dairy Industry in Western Australia (Frapple, 2007), brought to the fore the competitive advantage that Western Australia has in the dairy industry. The average dairy farm in Western Australia produces 1.3 million litres per year which translates to an average of 3,561 litres per day. Brook house milk processors can attain this benchmark and surpass it with proper mechanisms in taking advantage of the appropriate location benefits that are in the country side. New Zealand investors have set up new farms with over 1000 cows in each while the successful larger farmers are investing in more land, cows, automated milking, robot calf nurseries and irrigated feed production. Such investments by farmers ensure efficient milk supply to the factory and sustained production is maintained. Both irrigated, and dry land farming systems are successful in High milk quality - low bacterial count, good flavour  colour. Quality is paramount in milk production and the primary quality due to good farming systems is a great benefit to the milk plant that processes the milk. Repeatable and predictable climate in production areas with a low disease status and access to grain and pasture is a good location for a dairy plant because the milk herds will be healthy and will give quality milk. Areas identified for expansion of production and a dairy industry well positioned for

Growth has cost, production and market advantages that will improve the profits of the industry. Brook House Milk processing company can take advantage of such settings in the country side with support from the government which is focused on expanding the dairy industry.

According to Barnett, Robertson and Russell, (2008) the major waste material from processing in the dairy industry is water. The water removed from the milk can contain considerable amounts of organic milk products and minerals while on the other hand cleaning of plant results in caustic wastewater. In these cases the factory must find ways of minimizing the amount of both the organic and inorganic material in the wastewater, and methods of reducing the total volume of wastewater released. These methods involve improved techniques of recovering dissolved material and greater recycling of water. The dairy industry like other industries in New Zealand has come under increasing pressure to improve its environmental performance. The pressures for change in New Zealand have come from changes in environmental legislation, trade negotiations and customers who are concerned about the conditions in which the product they are purchasing is manufactured. A variety of clean water discharges are produced by dairy processing operations. These include storm water, cooling water, condensate (steam and evaporator), and permeates from membrane filters. These clean waters are usually contaminated to various degrees and may require treatment prior to discharge or reuse. Problems with the disposal of wastewater have resulted in attempts to reduce the volume of wastewater and the components of the wastewater. At some sites, water is in short supply and the reuse of water is an attractive option. Brook house Milk processors can adopt some strategies like, minimizing the use of water in the present plants and reusing water where possible without treating it first, treating wastewater to allow its reuse, optimize the use of reused water and design or select the new plant to use less water in order to achieve the optimal water usage in the factories.

Environmental guidelines for the Australian dairy processing industry (1997) journal notes that, poorly treated wastewater with high levels of pollutants caused by poor design, operation or treatment systems, creates major environmental problems when discharged to surface water or land. Such problems include contamination and de-oxygenation of streams and waterways by direct discharge or run-off of inadequately treated wastewater, excessive concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in surface and subsurface waters which contributes to excessive growth of plants and algae blooms which makes downstream water unsuitable for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses, land degradation and damage to pastures and crops which in the long-term will lead to damage to soil productivity. The selection of a site for the construction of the new dairy plant for Brook House Milk processors should take into consideration nearby land uses, possible future developments, the volumes and nature of wastes produced and the proposed nature of waste recycling, reuse or disposal. Depending on the proposed waste disposal system, adequate land should be available for treatment of wastewater. Soil types should also be assessed on site to check whether they can provide reasonable drainage and have a good capacity to retain nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. Soils with textures ranging from medium loams to medium clays are suitable. Sandy soils are not suitable because of the risk of leaching of contaminants into underlying groundwater. Similarly, wastewater should not be applied to heavy clay soils where water logging or surface run-off may occur.

Dairy plants and their associated wastewater treatment plants should not be located on a flood plain and should be a sufficient distance from surface water bodies and wetlands to reduce the risks of contamination caused by run-off or accidental spills. Similarly, wastewater treatment and disposal areas should not be sited above major ground water recharge areas such as gravel or sand beds or fractured rock aquifers. Air modeling studies may be necessary at the design stage for large operations when the buffer distances are close to the recommended minima. Site of the new dairy plant should also consider the need to protect sensitive natural water resources. Thus the new dairy plant should not be sited within 100 metres of surface waters, nor be located on a flood plain or in declared special water supply catchment areas, unless adequate protection of surface and ground waters can be done by the company in order to ensure a clean and safe environment.

Meurer-Grimes, (2010) notes that Australias dairy industry is a significant player in the global dairy trade. Asia plays a particularly important role as the key export market for Australian dairy products, primarily cheese and skim milk powder. An increase in global demand for dairy and drought in several regions with high dairy production have created historic highs in commodity prices for dairy products. The Australian domestic market is dominated by retail sales and branded products. Around 70 per cent of Australias dairy markets are mature markets (Australia and Japan) with higher GDPs, good penetration of health care and ageing populations. Consumers are generally aware of the importance of health and nutrition and prepared to spend on functional foods. Dairy production in Australia has undergone radical change in the last decade and dairy producers continue to adapt after almost a decade of drought conditions. Climate change and the resulting water shortages force the relocation of many farmers into higher rainfall areas or a switch from a pasture-based production system to lot feeding. The demand for more energy efficient production processes forces a continuous review of manufacturing practices for dairy products. Despite the changes to the industry, Australian dairy products are in high demand globally due to their high quality, product consistency, food safety and green and clean image. Brook House Milk Processing Company should strive to satisfy the demands of such diverse markets and consumer populations and continuously create new opportunities in those markets, doing so amidst a radically changing production environment. It should have a mechanism that will ensure a constant review of products and initiate new product ideas and process technologies as well top notch innovation.

New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, issue 3  (2007),  states that New Zealand accounts for approximately 33 percent of the world trade in dairy products and it also accounts for about 2 percent of world dairy production, but exports more than 95 percent of all its products. This is a stark contrast with the global trend where approximately 95 percent of total milk production is consumed within the country of origin. This means that the local market has been largely ignored which presents Brook House Milk Processors an opportunity to do extensive marketing locally for its products and capture the entire market. Development of functional foods is a growing trend in New Zealands dairy industry, and includes products such as low-fat, high calcium and protein milk, and biomedical and bio-health products, such as colostrums based health supplements. Organic dairy production is growing fast. All these are new ground that the company can break into in diversifying its market stretch. All the above reviews give theoretical and empirical framework in which the study is based on.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design is a conceptual framework within which the research will be conducted and its the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of the data to be collected. There is a need for research design in this project in order to facilitate advance planning of data collection methods and analysis techniques to ensure availability of time, staff and other resources. Research design will also be crucial in helping in the organization of ideas and a framework within which the study will be conducted and to look for mistakes and other shortages long in advance before they are done. It will also facilitate smooth production of research within minimum expenditure and maximum value will be realized. The design will give others time for their comments and critical evaluation before the actual research is carried out. This will provide a comprehensive review of the proposed study. The research design for this work will help Brook House Milk processors in determining the importance of the study and provide funds for the research work.

Research Instrument to be used in the study. 
Survey research design will be used in this project. This design method will be used because of the low cost and easy accessibility of information. Conducting accurate and meaningful surveys is one of the most important facets of research. The survey research design is a very valuable tool for assessing opinions and trends. Even on a small scale, judging opinion with carefully designed surveys can dramatically change strategies. In research even with unlimited budget, time and resources, 100 accuracy may not be achieved. Opinions, on all levels, are very fluid and can change on a daily or even hourly basis. Despite this, survey research design is a powerful research tool in obtaining an accurate representation of opinion.

Advantages of the Survey research design.
Survey research design is relatively inexpensive and it is useful in describing the characteristics of a large population. No other method of observation can provide this general capability. They can also be administered from remote locations using mail, email or telephone. Consequently, very large samples are feasible, making the results statistically significant even when analyzing multiple variables. Many questions can be asked about a given topic giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. There is flexibility at the creation phase in deciding how the questions will be administered as face-to-face interviews, by telephone, as group administered written or oral survey, or by electronic means. Standardized questions make measurement more precise by enforcing uniform definitions upon the participants. Standardization ensures that similar data can be collected from groups then interpreted comparatively. In survey research design, high reliability is easy to obtain by presenting all subjects with a standardized stimulus which will greatly eliminate observer subjectivity.

Dis-advantages of the Survey research design.
A methodology relying on standardization forces the researcher to develop questions general enough to be minimally appropriate for all respondents, possibly missing what is most appropriate to many respondents. Surveys are inflexible in that they require the initial study design (the tool and administration of the tool) to remain unchanged throughout the data collection. The researcher must ensure that a large number of the selected sample will reply. It may be hard for participants to recall information or to tell the truth about a controversial question.

To counter the disadvantages focus will be channeled towards developing questions that are appropriate for all the respondents and which will carry the weight of the main context within which the research will be done. The researchers will be asked to stick to the initial study design because this will be the bedrock for the study and it is upon which all the respondents will be required to answer the questionnaire. Researchers will also interview the most willing respondents and the questions will be non-controversial in order to ensure easy capture of information. 

SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The sample Size is the number of items to be selected to make the sample. Sample size is one of the four inter-related features of a study design that can influence the detection of significant differences, relationships or interactions (Peers, 1996). Target population will be the residents of the target area, dairy farmers, administration officials and businesspersons. The sample size that will be used in the study will be efficient, effective, representative, reliable and flexible to use in covering the vast population of Australias country side. The total sample size to be used is as below
WomenMenChildrenDairy Farmers ClergyAdmin. OfficialsHome OwnersSmall BusinessesMedium BusinessesLarge Businesses
Total number of sample that the study will use is 50.

Sampling Technique
This is the method used to select the items to include in the sample from the population. Stratified sampling technique will be used to select each group of respondents to participate in the study. Stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population and it is used when the population is heterogeneous, or dissimilar, where certain homogeneous, or similar, sub-populations can be isolated into groups or strata. The sub-populations in the country side vary considerably and each sub-population (stratum) will be sampled independently out of which individual elements will be randomly selected. The main reasons for using this sampling technique are that, dividing the population into distinct, independent strata can enable researchers to draw inferences about specific subgroups that may be lost in a more generalized random sample. Secondly, utilizing a stratified sampling method can lead to more efficient statistical estimates (provided that strata are selected based upon relevance to the criterion in question, instead of availability of the samples). Thirdly, it is sometimes the case that data are more readily available for individual, pre-existing strata within a population than for the overall population in such cases, using a stratified sampling approach will be more convenient than aggregating data across groups. Lastly, since each stratum is treated as an independent population, different sampling approaches can be applied to different strata, potentially enabling researchers to use the approach best suited (or most cost-effective) for each identified subgroup within the population.

The strata will be mutually exclusive. Every element in the population will be assigned to only one stratum. The strata will also be collectively exhaustive as no population element will be excluded. Random or systematic sampling will be applied within each stratum. This will improve the representativeness of the sample by reducing the sampling error.

Advantages and disadvantages of stratified sample technique.
A stratified sample will provide greater precision than a simple random sample of the same size. Because it provides greater precision, a stratified sample will require a smaller sample, which will save money. A stratified sample can guard against an unrepresentative sample (e.g., an all-male sample from a mixed-gender population). We can ensure that we obtain sufficient sample points to support a separate analysis of any subgroup.

The main disadvantage of a stratified sample is that it may require more administrative effort than a simple random sample.  This will be countered by ensuring that the researchers are well equipped to tackle all the variables of the study.

As my research will benefit the entire community with benefits owing to the location of the milk processing plant in their area accruing to every household, I am sure many respondents will want to participate in my research. I expect my response rate to be more than 75.

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
The techniques that I will use for my data collection include a questionnaire and abstraction from records methods.   I will launch my survey in the month of January and end the survey in the month of April. During this period the farmers will not be very busy as it will be low season in milk production.

Questionnaire Method
I will prepare a list of standard questions to fit the inquiry of this study. The questionnaire will be sent by post to selected institutions in the countryside accompanied by a letter explaining the purpose of the study and a self addressed envelope. The letter will also contain the time period that the questionnaire will be re-posted back. Enumerators also will be used to administer the questionnaire. During the monthly regional dairy farmers group meetings, I will initiate random interviews and the questionnaire will be administered in the various discussion group meetings held by the Australian Dairy Insight.

Advantages of Questionnaire method include the method being good for extensive inquiry as the most critical areas are covered under the set of questions. The respondent has enough time to carefully consider the answers as the questionnaires can be picked within a period of time. The method is free from personal bias.

Disadvantages are that some questionnaires may never reach their intended destination and most people ignore the questionnaire unless there is an incentive. To tackle the disadvantages mentioned the same questionnaire will be given to enumerators who will administer it to a selected number of people, read with the respondent explaining the purpose of the study then give a time duration when they will come back to collect the questionnaire. Using enumerators will ensure extensive inquiry and most of the questionnaires will be filled and collected on time.

Abstraction from records
This technique of data collection will be used to collect secondary data whose main sources will be journals, library books and newspaper commentaries among others. In using this method, attention will be focused on the purpose of the data, how the data was collected, how it was summarized and presented, the accuracy of the data and the interpretation made.

Advantages of abstraction method include Information being cheap to collect as the materials are readily available, it takes less time to get the required information and a large quantity of data is available on the subject of Dairy farming in Australia and its impact on the region and beyond.
Inaccurate responses will be tackled by developing open ended questions which will allow for spontaneous responses.

DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected will undergo four processes in its analysis and I will first check for completeness and validity of the data before analyzing it.
Data editing will be done once the raw data is obtained, where omissions, cancellations, duplications or any errors will be eliminated from the data. Original responses will however not be changed. The data will be checked for accuracy and logged in entering the data into the computer transforming the data and developing and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures.
Coding of the data will follow as Absolute values or scores will be assigned to some attributes observation or judgments. This is called descriptive statistics which is used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. They will provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. Together with simple graphics analysis, the descriptive statistics form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data. For Example, the table below shows coding the values and the observations.

Strongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly Agree
Classification of the data will then be done into groups or intervals with similar characteristics. Mass data will be condensed through classification. Tabulation of the data will finally be done where different variables in the data will be put in one frequency table to make it easy to compare and contrast and further to enhance operation of mathematical manipulation.

By using the frequency table, I will examine one data at a time to display the number of responses and the cumulative percentage. By using the frequency table, I can be able to perform an eye-ball check for any obvious data. I will use the bar and pie chart to display data visually. Bar charts will be used for comparison and pie charts will be used to display the percentages.

Timescale
 EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 s
Resources required.
To complete my research I will need access to Microsoft excel (500.00) Enumerators who will carry out the survey (20,000) and the cost to travel to selected target stations (10,000).

Ethical Considerations.
Various ethical considerations will be considered before commencing on the research.
Respondents will not be forced or coerced to participate in the research study. The process will be on voluntary basis. The respondents have a right to privacy and the researchers will uphold this privacy in the course of carrying out the study. The outcome of the results will be used only to the benefit of Brook house milk processing company. All individual responses from the respondents will be held with strict confidence. All information collected will be destroyed after the objective of the research has been realized and utilized fully.