Literature

Communication is a means by which people talk, write and understand each other.  We must speak or write our thoughts and articulate our feelings to others in the same way that we must listen or read them to understand what they want us to know and feel.  Communication must always be a two-way thing. Language is a medium of Communication.  Its use and misuse may lead to offense, misunderstanding, insult and exchange of harshness.

Oftentimes, when we do not exercise caution we tend to say things that we do not mean.  When we speak before we think, trouble comes.  This is when communication becomes miscommunication and understanding becomes misunderstanding.  Instead of clarity we sow confusion and when we are not careful we may offend without our intending to.

For us to really, really communicate must carefully choose what we say and write.  The basic rule would be to have the best intentions and use the appropriate and the kindest words no matter how angry one is, how funny a situation is, how complicated the explanation to be made is.  It is also to ones good interest if he stays away from using inappropriate or unacceptable words and phrases.  According to Edward Skidelsky, inappropriate or unacceptable is the modern version of improper and indecent and the more exact terms of coarse, tactless, vulgar and lewd.  Some words must be taken out of ones vocabulary as they are both offensive and abusive, like fucking whore or bitch.

As our villages had become global communities, we are faced with the challenges of relating to people who think and talk differently from us.  We now live in a world where our neighbor is a complete cultural stranger to us.  We are confronted not only with what is decent but also with what is proper.  We must be aware of the cultural diversity around us and it is imperative for us to adopt a culturally sensitive language that would foster amity instead of enmity.  It is unfortunate that certain words can be taken out of context and construed as a slur.  This was the case of David Howard, the District Public Advocate in Washington DC.  The word niggardly, a Middle English word for miser, cost him his job.  He was talking of funding and was not being racial at all.

It is admirable that the students of West Grand School District had taken the lead in self-policing.  They would not tolerate inappropriate language like cursing, swearing, negative words and slurs on gender, religion, disability, race, ethnicity and gender orientation among their ranks.

Unsuitable language must be dropped from ones vocabulary totally and may only be used on certain circumstances that strongly justify their use.  In a classroom, where students are taught grammar, literature, social studies, law, medical sciences, they may occasionally meet these words that are inappropriate in social, formal or casual conversations, but in class discussions they have to be used for acquiring knowledge or for learning purposes.  If there are words that may substitute for an unsuitable one and just as adequately and accurately serve the purpose, then this appropriate one must be used.  Instead of fucking  sexual intercourse or sexual relations may be substituted for medical and sociological studies. Whore and bitch were used by early English and American poets in their literary masterpieces and it is necessary to use the words as they were used to fully appreciate the poets works.

Language is as essential to our daily life as much as food is.  Like food there are those that we stay away from for various reasons like health, economic, gastronomic and even religious practices.  These are not forced upon us and generally left to us to do as we see and think fit.  The use of Language, or more accurately the choice from a lot is also incumbent on us.

What news How much more important to know what that is which was never old (Thoreau 3). Mr. Henry David Thoreaus used this exclamation to remind people that there is more to life than what we know and experience. Thoreaus tries to make people understand the reasons why he left all the good life in the city to go and live in the wilderness. He claims that
I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived (1)
Thoreaus notes that if only people could live a simple life without the complications of civilization would then they find time to figure out the purpose of life. He uses metaphor and imagery when he refers life as the chopping and raging sea of civilized life. He uses this metaphor as an indicator of the hardships he encountered in the world as he tried to cope with the numerous activities involved. He points the negative impacts the media has brought on people without their notice. He goes ahead and analyses all the life demeaning scenes experienced in the streets on daily basis.

One man robbed, or murdered, or killed by accident, or one house burned, or one vessel wrecked, or one steamboat blown up, or one cow run over on the Western Railroad, or one mad dog killed, or one lot of grasshoppers in the winter (2).

Thoreau uses rhetorical devices to bring out a clear picture of his theme in Why I Went to the Woods. He wanted people to be able to interpreate and understand the meaning of life from the natural way like the ancient way of life of the Spartans. The Spartans worried only for the important aspects of life that is the basic needs, love and security for one another.

Credit cards have many advantages.  They can be used for the purchase of a product online, use in case of emergency, replaces the use of cash, can be used outside the country, and immediate purchase of any goods, products and services.  However, for those who do not know how to handle credit cards they may experience a lot of hardship and suffering.  Use of credit card may lead to large amount of consumer debts or the debt that is incurred primarily for the purchase of consumer goods rather than for investment.  According to Liz Puliam Weston, about 48 of credit card holders owe less than 1,000 in credit card debt. (Weston, The Truth About Credit Card Debt, 2)  The problem with consumer debt is that 36 of those who owe more than 10,000 have household income which is less than 50,000 while 13 of those who owe more than 10,000 have household incomes under 30,000.

Credit cards can be evil.  For those who have credit cards but do not know how to properly manage them, paying for the credit card bills can be disastrous.  Many customers nowadays think that the business of credit card lending is one of the most vilified businesses. (Michael Hiltzik 2) This research offers an explanation by presenting several arguments to explain why a credit card can be an evil to many cardholders.

II. First Major Supporting Point - Credit card encourages consumer greed which is the condition where the consumers want to spend more for items that they do not actually need.

Ordinarily, consumers who do not have credit card will not spend more than he can buy since his cash may not be sufficient for the additional purchases.  However, when the consumers are carrying credit cards they may become greedy and want to buy more.

A. Minor Support - Credit cards encourage the credit cardholder to overspend which is confirmed in a study conducted by Dunn  Bradstreet which found that people spend 12-18 more when using credit cards than when using cash. (Andrew Beattie 2)
Consumers spend more when they have credit cards because there is a natural tendency for the shopper to overpay for a particular item.

In contrast, however, shoppers who only carry cash cannot overpay for any particular item because he only carries enough to pay for a product that he desires to purchase.

B. Minor Support - Consumers overspend because when they have credit cards they are tempted to buy more products than they actually need or want.

In contrast, a person who does not have credit card will only purchase products that he can afford to pay at the time.

C. Minor Support - Credit cards encourage consumer greed.

When consumers have the capacity to take a product or item home they will do so even if eventually they will realize that they do not need the product or item.

III. Second Major Supporting Point - Credit card companies encourage consumers to buy more but leave them to pay their bills on their own.

A. Minor Support

A proof is the application form given by credit card companies to those who wish to have their own credit cards containing the terms and conditions for the use of credit card which is written in fine print. (Liz Puliam Weston, Credit Card Companies Evil Tricks, 3)

Credit card companies do not even take the initiative to explain to their clients how they are being billed and charged for the items they purchased.  Liz Puliam Weston, Credit Card Companies Evil Tricks, 3)

Consequently, it is common among many card holders to overlook the terms and conditions.  Oftentimes the cardholders fail to notice these terms and conditions until it is too late.

B. Minor Support
Credit card companies do not even bother to explain the interest rates, finance charges and late charges in the billing statement.

Instead, credit card companies launch massive campaign enticing the buyers to get their credit cards because of low interest rates.

B.1. Secondary Minor Support

There is no explanation about interest rate, finance charges and late charges.

For example, a cardholder who is a first time user of a credit needs to how much how the interest rates he will be paying so that he may make the decision on whether to continue the use of credit card or not.

B.2. Secondary Minor Support

There is no explanation as to the portion of the money paid by their customers that go to the principal and the portion that goes to the payment of interest.

For example, interest rates, late charges and finance charges are concepts which every client has the right to know.

IV. Third Major Supporting Point - Payment of credit card debts may cause financial hardship for the consumer

A. Minor Support

The credit card company may file a case against him to recover the unpaid obligation and blacklist him from the company.

This could be harmful for the financial reputation of the credit cardholder.

A.1. Secondary Minor Support

At the time cardholders realize their mistake it will be too late since a lawsuit has already been filed against them.

Any person against whom a case has been filed even if it is subsequently settled will forever have a bad credit record.  In case, the credit cardholder applies for another credit card in other companies, this record will come up and shall form part of his evaluation.

In addition, the credit card holder may also be denied his application for a car or housing loan with any Bank because of his negative credit record.

A.2. Secondary Minor Support

Even if the credit card companies do not file a case against the credit cardholder the act of blacklisting him also affects his credit standing in the community.

B. Minor Support

The credit cardholder may eventually realize that he has expended more money paying for the interest rather than the principal.

Credit cards are here to stay.  Despite the complaints against the practices of many credit card companies, they will continue to do business.  They will still attract the young professionals.  With the growth of Internet Technology use of credit cards will remain as the major tools for transacting online.

The card holders are therefore advised the following
a) Use cash when purchasing.
b) Use credit cards only in case of extreme emergency.
c) Keep the receipts every time credit card is used and determine how much has been used for the billing cycle.
d) Read the terms and conditions in the application form and billing cycle carefully.
e) Limit the use of credit card to purchases which the card holder can afford to pay on the due date.
f) Payment during the due date should not be limited to the total amount due but the entire outstanding balance.

Literary theory started as soon as literature started developing several centuries ago. According to the recorded history of literature, the Greeks were the first group of people to come up with literary theories. They are the first group to have had criticism of literature in the history of mankind. In the English literature history, literary theory started much later compared to the Greeks literature. It started with the Renaissance. The first theories included the defense of poesy and the Romans theories which emphasized on the content of the literature. This was followed by the Russian Formalism and the New Criticism which started in America. The New Criticism was an English literary school of thought which had a believe that the form and the meaning could not be separated. Later, the hermeneutics school of thought emerged in the literary theory.

The hermeneutics theorist believe in the interpretation of the literature in order to construct what the literature means and that all the parts of the text have to be understood so as to understand the text. This led to the emergence of the structuralism in the 1960s. Structuralism brought about a lot of change in the field of literary criticism and theory. It mainly focuses on language and the structures in the text. It applies linguistics in the study of the text and literature. After the structuralism, emerged the theory of post structuralism which was based on the weaknesses of structuralism (Siddique, Para 1).

Structuralism
This literary theory was developed in the 1960s and was developed according to Ferdinand de Saussure ideas. Saussure had a structural view of language from which structuralism was developed. He developed the ideas of langue and parole. He believed that langue form the structure of the language while parole was clearly seen in the speech. He expressed his ideas in 1916 in his famous book which was known as Course in General Linguistics. His study was based on the study of signs and the way they are used and therefore he called his ideas literature semiotics. He proposed two parts of a sign - that is a signifier which is the sound form of the sign or what is recorded in writing and a signified which is the concept form of the sign. According to his suggestions, the relationship between the two parts of sign is arbitrary. This suggestion has been supported unanimously since signifier and signified are not fundamentally or naturally related. He believed that language is a summation of different signs which have arbitrary relationship. Therefore, the binary opposition relationship of the signs is what gives the meaning. The different in signs in every sentence gives the sentence a meaning. The syntax of words in a sentence or any form of literature gives it a meaning. Therefore, he suggested that a structure of signifying signs makes up a language (McBride, Para 1).

The ideas about signs developed by Saussure revolutionized the understanding of language and were adopted by many scholars of the 20th century not only in literature but also in other disciplines such as science of mathematics and psychology. Structuralism school of thought was developed by the French scholars in the mid 20th century based on the concepts of sign proposed by Saussure. The school of thoughts main attention is how the meaning of a literature is developed. Those who believe in structuralism focus on the structure of the language, the community as well as the psyche rather than focusing on how conscious the author is. It is a theory that looks at how a literature text develops the meaning but not the meaning of the text itself. One structuralist analysis of a text looks at how the arrangements of linguistic structures create unity in a text and the other tries to interpret how the structures and literary forms determine the meaning of a language (Siddique, Para 8).

Structuralism maintains that the meaning can be obtained from the literary text. The meaning is in a language of system of signs and stresses the significance of the text in developing the meaning. By the relationship between signs in a language being arbitrary and only binary, opposition indicates that what another sign in the text is not which leads development of a meaning. Therefore, structuralism suggests that the meaning of the text is within the text and not beyond. The text meaning is determinable and determinate. The language in the text constructs the meaning of the text which means that diachronic study is not necessary in the understanding of the text. However, this criticism suggests that synchronic study of a text is essential in the understanding of the text. The paroles as suggested by Saussure represent the text while the langue is the meaning of the text which is developed from the structures.

According to Newton, structuralism emphasize on a system that make literature into something that is possible and looks at the consideration of author or the history of the text as insignificant in developing the meaning of the text. He suggests that the main aim of literary theories should be explaining how the meaning of the text is developed and not the meaning of the text (Newton, p 83).  Murfin and Ray suggest that literary work has changed its name to text as a result of structuralism. This has been due to its focus on the text and not on the author. Both the reader and the author have internalized codes which are used to express the authors work and the reader can easily decode them to develop the meaning. Therefore, the meaning expressed on the text is not a private experience of the author but is as a result of mutual systems of significance (Murfin and Ray, p 300).  

However, structuralism is not without weaknesses. It has been criticized by some scholars who developed post structuralism. Post structuralism criticized structuralism towards the end of the 20th century by rejecting the theories claim to scientific analysis as well as meaning of a text being determinate and determinable. The primary weakness of the theory is the way it takes language. It does not take it as an individual expression. The theory also has a questionable way in which it conceptualize the relationships between individual members of the community and the communities. The theory attacks language at the most critical point, that is where the linguistic is produced and the actual writing and reading. Critics of structuralism believe that moving away from these ideology moves the language to communication. Structuralism has also been criticized for ignoring dialogue nature of language while focusing on langue. For that reason, Eagleton agued that structuralism has tried to replace the religion of science with ideologies that are as effectual but it has failed. Criticisms of structuralism lead to the development of post structuralism (Eagleton, p 93).

Post structuralism
Post structuralism is ideologies that were developed after structuralism in the 1970s as a reaction against the ideologies of structuralism. It is also centered on the text but does not differentiate the world from the text. Those who believe in post structuralism argue that there is a binary opposition. However, it differs from the previous criticism by suggesting that a signified can have several signifiers. According to post structuralism, there exist binary opposition but they transform and eventually become fluid. Therefore, there is some existence of fluidity between texts which was not suggested by structuralism. This fluidity between text has been referred to as inter textuality by post structuralists.

Post structuralism opposes the structuralist suggestion of possible determinate knowledge. They suggest that words may have many meanings and may lead to propagation of the wrong meaning. Therefore there is a possibility of the text contradicting their structural account as well as their intended meaning. In other words, signifiers can not be absolutely differentiated from signified and a signifier may have several signified. A signified can be seen as a signifier thus forming a long chain which may be unending. The signifiers seem to be intermingling with the signified, text with text and text with the world creating some fluidity. This contradicts the believe by structuralist that meaning is determinate although it is contained in the text. Moreover, post structuralism opposes the rejection of diachronic study of a literature by structuralism.

Deconstructionism is an extension of post structuralism philosophy which supports pluralism of meaning. It believes that meaning is indeterminate and therefore it must be plural. It gives room for varying interpretation of the same literally text. The two theories focus on the reader as where he is viewed as the locus of the competing and contradiction dialogue. Post structuralists argue that any text is a mixture of preexisting texts. The rise of post structuralism school of thought has led to the development of various theories on literature such as feminism, deconstruction in Yale and post modernism among others.

Comparison of structuralism and post structuralism
Structuralism and post structuralism have several differences as well as similarities. Both schools of thought share a common concern on signs and the usefulness of sign systems in the development of meaning. The contribution of both theories in knowledge of literature and culture is unimaginable. Many philosophers in the modern world view post structuralism as a rebellion against the previous theory. However, it is evident that post structuralism is based on the weaknesses of structuralism which did not address comprehensively all the issues. Structuralism is more logical although it focuses on the text. This is because the meaning of the text is derived from observation of the structures and reason.

The main difference in the ideologies of the post structuralism and structuralism is on the philosophical approach of the post structural theory. It suggests that every detail of the text can be questioned which includes the linguistics. The approach is also emotional as compared to structuralism and is more related to the post modernism school of thought. It has been viewed as being born out of the humanism and the structuralism criticisms where the ideas in the previous thoughts were adopted and adapted. It reflects on the structuralism focus on the text while paying less emphasis on the message as well as the liberal humanist approach which focused on the author (Siddique, Para 11).

Scholars who believe in post structuralism ideologies argue that it is historical and believe that structuralism is descriptive. This is based on differences which were proposed by Saussure that study of a test can be diachronic which is historical or synchronic which is descriptive. Therefore, post structuralism gives room for diachronic study while structuralism suggests synchronic as the only study method. Post structuralism focus on the history of the text in the development of the meaning while structuralism argues that the meaning of the text can only be developed from structures of the language in the text. In other words, structuralism focus on the text while post structuralism focus on the reader and his ability to understand the concepts of the culture and the changes in those concepts in order to develop a meaning. Structuralism focus on the meaning of the text as developed by the author but not the meaning as it is developed within the present cultural concepts. However, it is difficult to determine the exact uncertainty distance that exists between the two criticisms because philosophers really dont declare whether they are post structuralists. It has been observed that scholars who were considered structuralists have over the years done works which make them notable post structuralists (Klages, Para 2).

It is clear that post structuralism and structuralism are different schools of thought in literary theory. Structuralism focuses on the structures in the text and their importance in the development of the meaning while post structuralism is based on the weaknesses of structuralism. However, both have had a great contribution in the evolution of literary theory.

Choice and struggle represent two psychological issues of Crime and Punishment. These issues alarm the souls of the characters. This is the authors view on the world and existence of humans in this world. A free-thinking character Rodion Raskolnikov wants to review the decisions on all the main lifes questions. In his crazy dream he creates his own world, strange and vague, but so attractive that he cant help thinking about it. In the given paper we will consider and try to explain the main idea of writer-strategist who does not reveal his most important it at once. He leads us step by step to one important conclusion every crime has its punishment. Part II Chapter 1. Crime and Punishment is very bright and convincing because it shows mental suffering and evolution of the character of Rodion Raskolnikov.

Mistakes made by the society and by the protagonist.
At first, Raskolnikov sees our world as a place of justice and good deeds. At first his own idea seems awful to him, when he hears the students conversation in the tavern in the first part of the novel angry, sick, old and unnecessary woman on the one side and young power dying without any support on the other side hundreds of good deeds, which would be possible to perform for her money (Crime and Punishment). This is the example of the first decision that belongs both to student and to the whole society.

New decision offered by the author
Raskolnikov committed crime and became a murderer. He mistakenly thought that only one murder for the sake of many lives is not a big deal. Passing his hero through suffering, Dostoevsky demonstrated how wrong he was in his decision Surely it isnt beginning already Surely it isnt my punishment coming upon me It is (Crime and Punishment). The author showed that the idea, which made Raskolnikov shed human blood in spite of himself, appeared between him and the world making him separated from his mother and sister forever. And the number of victims is growing a guy was caught and accused of Alyona Ivanovnas murder. Pulheria Alexandrovna will be the next she could not bear that happened to her son (Crime and Punishment).

Step by step Dostoevsky made us understand that the idea to have a power, even with the purpose to save human lives is destructive. Our society should try not to sacrifice but to save the life of every person, because no idea is worth killing people.

The convincing arguments of the author
    The arguments of Dostoevsky as the arguments of very intelligent person are difficult to understand. It is a pity that many people could not understand the ideas of Dostoevsky he wanted to share with us in his outstanding work. I consider the ideas and arguments of Fyodor Dostoevsky to be very convincing. The question about life priorities is the main problem of our society and I think that the main hero of the novel, Rodion Raskolnikov, is sensitive and extraordinary person. He committed crime because could not see the suffering of poor people. He felt himself the one of them and tried to find a way-out. The main idea of this problem is the question what is more important What should be on the first place During all the novel Raskolnikovs personality is gradually changing, therefore his priorities are also changing. His conscience dictates him how to act, thus he comes to the conclusion that money and power are not the most important in our life, he understands that he had no right to kill. His repentanceis happening gradually and he fully repents only by the end of the novel.

    The very important problem of the society shoed by Dostoevsky is poverty. In the novel people cant earn their life and this makes them degrade, become prostitutes and thefts. Marmeladov is the perfect example of that, because he spends all free time drinking and does not care about his hungry children and wife. Sonya Marmeladova, a person with very beautiful and wise soul, also degraded getting money working as a prostitute (Crime and Punishment, p. 90).

    However, in this world of cruelty still there are feelings of love and compassion. Sonya really loves Rodion Raskolnikov, trusts him and tries to help him even after he confesses to crimes.  During the novel Sonya does not leave Raskovnilov and follows him to the prison (Crime and Punishment).
    
    The lessons presented by Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novel Crime and Punishment are really invaluable. A writer-strategist does not reveal his most important idea at once, he leads us step by step to one important conclusion every crime has its punishment. If a person committed at least one crime, he is already a criminal and it does not matter, what goal he pursued. And the punishment will find him maybe not at once, but in some weeks, days or years. It is enough to overstep the limit only once, everybody should remember that.

Henry V was Englands king from the year 1413 up until his death in 1422. Although his reign was not more than a decade, some of his actions marked crucial highlights of English war history, particularly his contribution to the then ongoing Hundred Years War between England and France, which is the main subject that this paper undertakes. Viewed from the light of the writings of three different philosophers, Sun Tzu, St. Thomas of Aquinas, and St. Augustine, this paper analyzes the actions of King Henry V during the battle of Agincourt, which is regarded by historians as Henry Vs greatest war victory during his career. In particular, this paper first gives brief input regarding the origins of the Hundred Years War, and then proceeds to narrate the events that occurred during the said event that concern Henry V and the monarchs crucial actions that influenced the tides of war. Then, this paper analyzes Henry Vs actions in reference to the teachings found in Sun Tzus Art of War, St. Thomas of Aquinas Summa Theologica, and St. Augustines Just War Theory.

    The Hundred Years War, like many wars, was primarily a dispute on territory. Back in 1066, the Duke of Normandy captured the English throne during the Battle of Hastings (Curry, 1993). This victory of the Duke posed a major problem in French politics, particularly since the Duke also controlled key territories in France. These problems sparked constant conflicts between the two kingdoms, culminating to a war that officially began when French ships arrived on the English Channel and immediately began taking territories that they claimed were theirs in the first place (Curry, 1993). The war proceeded from king to king, with each king from both sides inheriting the burden of winning the war.

When Henry V came into power in 1413, he immediately took the stand of making reclaiming French occupied territories his main priority (Curry, 1993). Thus after just two years, Henry V sailed for France with a considerable portion of Englands military forces and besieged the fortress of Harfleur, which was captured in less than a months time (Curry, 1993). As further narrated by Curry (1993), rather than concentrating on fortifying Harfleur and using it as a strong foothold on French soil, Henry V opted to use nearly all of his troops to go further into French territory immediately, not heeding the warnings of his war council on the dangers of traveling with limited supplies to enemy grounds. The march lasted for over a month, and the French were already well aware of Henry Vs approaching army. Thus, the French sent its army to intercept Henry V, and having greater knowledge of the terrain, the French army took a key location that would most likely assure them victory. By the time the French intercepted the English, the English army was already exhausted from the March. Henry Vs men were malnourished from the lack of sufficient food and water in their supplies since they left Harfleur, and to make matters worse, the French clearly outnumbered the English. Yet despite these odds, Henry V was able to pull a victory by observing the immediate condition of the battle field. Henry V, or at least his tacticians saw that the terrain had been made muddy by the previous nights rain, and that meeting the French Army head on would result in both armies having to fight on the muddy ground. Given this situation, the English Army placed rows of archers strategically between rows of foot soldiers and then met the French army just as the latter entered the muddy battlefield. Rather than engaging the enemy foot soldiers, the English foot soldiers held their ground and defended the line, while the archers behind them did the work of shooting into enemy lines. The French army was bogged down in the mud that they had difficulty moving up to the Englishs first line of defense, and those who managed to do so were easily cut down by the waiting footmen. Thus, Henry V acquired an easy victory despite having the weaker army. However, shortly after the English conquered the intercepting French forces, Henry V was informed that were was another force gathering to meet him. Fearing that he had already lost the tactical advantage and would now most have a much more difficult time with this new threat, Henry V considered how best to increase his chances of victory and considered having prisoners of war a major liability. War prisoners, those captured after an army had decimated another, were usually allowed to stay alive and used as leverage for demanding ransom. However, Henry V feared that while his army was busy fending off the new French threat, the prisoners would take advantage of the distraction and move against the English army from the rear. Thus, Henry V had all prisoners executed. However, the new French battalion to intercept the English was never formed, which prompted Henry V to cancel the order to execute the prisoners while it was already in progress.

    Sun Tzus Art of War has a great deal of focus on the maximization of tactical advantages during battle. Analyzing Henrys actions based on Sun Tzus writings, it can be said that Henry V was able to show during the battle at Harfleur fortress the advantage of having the element of surprise. As Sun Tzu discussed, armies must move speedily and decisively, giving the enemy limited time to predict the armys next course of action thus making them ill prepared for it (Sun Tzu, 1996). Tactically, Henry Vs actions during the succeeding battle with the intercepting French army would also be praised by Sun Tzu. According Sun Tzus writings, considering the terrain and the seasons are critical actions of a military tactician when plotting the best strategy (Sun Tzu, 1996), Sun Tzu (1996) even cites a particular historical example of taking advantage of terrain that is similar to the actions of Henry V. Sun Tzu (1996) would also regard Henry Vs actions of executing prisoners as a means of dealing with a critical weakness. On the other hand, St. Thomas of Aquinas would focus less on military tactics, and more on the justifiability of Henrys actions. In his Summa Theologica on the subject of war, Aquinas (1920) claims that war can only be just when three matters are present, and these are that first the war is waged by the sovereign concerning matters of state, second there should be a just cause, and third for the belligerents of the war to be on the side of good intention. Given these guidelines, it can be said that Henry Vs action of attacking French territory in the name of the Hundred Years War is justified on the first count, since it is a matter of the state that has been ongoing for years. Second, Henry Vs cause is to recover lost territory, which in Aquinas own writings can be considered a way for an erring state to be punished for its previous conquest. However, it is problematic as to whether it is the English or the French who are in the right during this stage of the war. Furthermore to Aquinas writings, Henry Vs actions of using the element of surprise to attack Harfleur, taking advantage of the terrain during the succeeding battle with the French intercepting Army, and killing prisoners of war to prevent them from acting against the English are all justified. This is because for Aquinas, so long as there is no deception through lies, military strategies are justified (Aquinas, 1920). St. Augustine as well would agree that Henry Vs actions during his battles, since St. Augustine likewise believes that so long as the purpose of war is just there is no concern as to the manner through which it is carried out (Aquinas, 1920 Walzer, 1977).

    Clearly, Henry Vs actions are seen positively by all three philosophers when considering the contents of their writings. During the Hundred Years War, Henry V was able to display remarkable military tactics while adhering to moral considerations of just wars in both the Augustinian and Thomasian perspectives.

How do you describe paradise the very world seems to imply heaven, the Bahamas are definitely a paradise. From the intermingling islands to the beaches with clear water that allows you to see the amazing coral formations. The people are diverse and always smiling as though life here had ascended them to a different reality. Time doesnt exist and just a short vacation is enough to be a life time changing experience. Whether you idle your days away listening to the rhythm of the ocean, lazing away on beaches filled with tropical splendor. Your imagination can run wild, from being in a world from a different time exploring the history and intriguing stories of buried treasure. This is the closest you will come to finding if you will paradise on earth.

Life in Paradise
You awaken to the glistening waters gentle rhythm as though you are emerging into paradise. The weather is never a problem as even the winters are more like summer to other parts of the world. You then walk along the beaches with the white sand slipping gently between your toes as you see the gentle caress of the ocean. The locals are friendly, smiling at you and making you feel welcome. As though they know a secret and soon you too will awaken to the secret of how life can be. You feel freedom that is unexplained in words you are timeless and in essence synchronistical to the island. Your greatest worries are when to enjoy breakfast. The traffic is different. It is not the bustling pace of a city but instead a friendly chaotic island experience. The mingling dialects and English accents in themselves make you feel at ease. This becomes a life that you do not want to leave, that enchants you with quaint customs and tropical delight. Every minute is an experience in which you can allow yourself to slow down to the tone of the island. The history is vivid from stories of buried treasure and maritime mysteries. To exploring the other Islands and slowly letting the past stress of the real world disappear. The coral is absolutely awesome to observe. The longer you stay on the Islands the more they become a part of your life. It is a stress free casual approach to a world outside that is insane with deadlines and stress. That is not what you find in the Bahamas. Here you find that a part of the islands goes into you heart and leaves you breathless just by being a part of it. So after spending the day either participating in water sports and activities or lazing around you prepare yourself for the evening. It is a time of festivity and entertainment where you truly experience another culture. From the dancing to the languid ease at which you all gather together, relaxation cannot begin to explain a day in the Islands. Even the drinks are exotic cocktails served in an ambience that can only be referred to as an Island experience.

  You awaken to another day and the same routine begins again, except that this time it is as though you are a part of the Islands. You feel welcome and at home. In your heart you get a feeling that you never really want to leave. Because the Islands change you, so as you explore from Island to Island and languish in tropical tranquility. A part of you belongs to the islands. In this relaxed paradise you slowly leave all the baggage that you have been carrying and find happiness inside of yourself, just because you are in paradise. The magnificence of just being you on an island is something that most people only ever dream about.  When it comes time to say goodbye to the Islands it is an emotional experience, you remember tranquil walks and days spend that are written in you. You dont want to leave, although you take a part of the Islands with you. When you return to civilization you seem and feel different. People notice you and wonder why you seem to know some cryptic secret with the faint smile that you still walk around with. The secret of the Islands is within you, something that only someone who has spent time there can understand. It becomes like a home that you never really want to leave, but the call of the Islands will bring you back. The vivacious memories that tantalize you are the gifts of the Islands. And when you do leave the locals and guests have become your friends. It is as the Islands give to you, so you too give a part of your heart to the Islands. You never really leave and the memories made are remembered for a lifetime. After having been to the Islands of the Bahamas you can truly say you know the meaning of the word Paradise.